Container Surveyor

Types of Paint

2011-11-29T10:20:00.002+07:00

Oil-Based Paint
Contains pigments usually suspended in linseed oil, a drier, and mineral spirits or other types of thinner. The linseed oil serves as the binder for the pigments, the drier controls drying time, the thinner controls the flowing qualities of the paint. As the thinner evaporates, the mixture of pigments and oil gradually dries to an elastic skin. As the oil absorbs oxygen from the air (or cures), the curing action bonds a tough paint film to the applied surface. Oil paints are used inside and outside and are regarded as the traditional house paint.

Varnish
Consists of a solution of resins in a drying oil. Varnish contains little or no pigment. It dries and hardens by evaporation of the volatile solvents, oxidation of the oil, or both.

Varnish is recommended for both outdoor and indoor applications where a hard, glossy finish that is impervious to moisture is desired. For a satin finish, the gloss varnish surface can be rubbed down with steel wool, or a â€œsatinâ€ varnish can be used. As a floor finish, varnish provides a hard, durable film that will not greatly alter the tone of the wood.

Enamel
Enamel is a varnish with pigments added. Enamel has the same basic durability and toughness of a good varnish. It produces an easy-to-clean surface, and in the proper formulation, it can be used for interior and exterior applications. For the highest quality interior work, an undercoat is required.

Latex Paint
Consists of a dispersion of fine particles of synthetic resin and pigment and water. Latex paints are quick drying, low on odor, and thinned with water. They permit the repainting and decorating of a room within a day. Because latex paints set quickly, tools, equipment, and splattered areas should be cleaned properly with warm, soapy water.

No special primer is required for interior applications except over bare metal or wood, or over highly alkalined surfaces. Spot priming with shellac should be avoided because shiny spots will bleed through the latex film.

Exterior latex house paint can be applied directly to old painted surfaces. On new wood, it should be applied over a primer. For other surfaces, follow specific label directions.

Water-Reducible Paints
The term has come into wider use in the paint business within the past few years. These products are also called â€œwater-basedâ€ or â€œwater-borneâ€ paints. They include the well-known latex products, as well as products based on new synthetic polymers. While both groups employ water as the reducing agent, the chemistry of each is different.

For example, most latex coatings dry by solvent evaporation or coalescence. The new synthetic polymeric paints dry by a combination of solvent evaporation and chemical cross-linking.

Chemical cross-linking frequently requires the blending of two materials (these products are called two-component coatings) and a â€œdigestionâ€ time before the coating can be applied. The blending of specific materials results in chemical cross-linking and outstanding performance features, such as mar resistance, scratch resistance, washability, and stain resistance.

Alkyds
Alkyd finishes are produced in four sheens: flat, semi-gloss, low-luster, and high-gloss.

Flat finishes have a velvety texture and are used to produce a rich, softly reflective surface. Alkyd flats can often be applied to painted walls and ceilings, metal, fully cured plaster, wall board, and wood work without a primer. When required, the primer should be a similar material. For high alkaline surfaces, an alkali-resistant primer should be used.

Semi-gloss or low-luster types add just enough sheen to wood work and trim for contrast with flat finish wall surfaces. Each offers great resistance to wear and washing. Low-luster enamels are preferred in such areas as kitchens, bathrooms, nurserys, and school rooms.

Alkyd high-gloss enamels are often used for even greater surfacability and washability.

Epoxy
Two-part formulation which is thoroughly mixed just before use. Epoxy finishes are extremely hard and durable and excellent for demanding applications. They can be used for protecting materials such as steel, aluminum, and fiberglass. The paint film dries to a brilliant gloss. The tile-like finish is smooth, easy to clean, and lasts for years under the most severe conditions.

Polyester Epoxy
Two-component materials that are usually mixed prior to application. Polyester epoxy combines the physical toughness, adhesion, and chemical resistance of an epoxy with the color retention and permanent clarity of polyester. The film is stain resistant and moisture resistant.

Polyester epoxy is available in gloss and semi-gloss sheens, and can be applied to any firm interior surface. Pot life is a full working day.

Acrylic Epoxy
Chemically, acrylic epoxy coatings provide the resistance to staining, yellowing, and scuffing of acrylic resins, combined with the toughness, acid and alkali-resistance of epoxys. Their performance characteristic are almost equal to those of polyester epoxy solvent based products and their stain resistance is superior.

Acrylic epoxy coatings are available in gloss and semi-gloss finishes in both clear and pigmented formulations. Colorant can be added to the pigmented products to achieve hundreds of colors.

Though priced higher than conventional enamels, acrylic epoxy coatings offer superior washability, non-yellowing characteristics, and generally three to five times longer life, which makes them an outstanding value for interior walls continuously subjected to hard use conditions.

Polyamide Epoxy
Tough, two-component finish with outstanding hardness, abrasion resistance, alkali and acid resistance, and adhesion when dry. Excellent as a concrete floor finish where heavy traffic wears through an alkyd finish in a short time.

For exterior applications, polyamide epoxy will chalk and lose gloss on prolonged exposure, however film integrity is not lost.

Urethane Modified Alkyds
One-component finishing material for outstanding abrasion resistance on wood floors, furniture, paneling, cabinets, etc. Good resistance to normal household materials such as alcohol, water, grease, etc. It may yellow to some degree with age.

Acrylic Urethane Coatings
Recommended for areas that demand superior chemical and stain resistance, plus color and gloss retention. They are suitable for both interior and exterior application on properly primed steel, aluminum, and masonry which are subjected to high acids and alkalidty.

These products are designed to be used in commercial and industrial applications, but not in homes. Acrylic urethane coatings have high performance properties including excellent resistance to salt, steam, grease, oils, many coolants, solvents, and general maintenance-type machinery fluids. They also have excellent film properties and resistance to scratching, marring, and chipping. The tile-like gloss and semi-gloss finishes provide a superior corrosion-abrasion resistance, while maintaining excellent gloss and color retention on exterior exposures for long periods of time.

The color and gloss retention and chemical resistance of acrylic urethane coatings will exceed those of conventional high-performance coatings. They also dry to the touch faster than any other heavy-duty top coat.

Aluminum
An all-purpose aluminum paint formulated with varnish as the vehicle for aluminum flake pigment. As the paint dries, the aluminum flakes float to the surface, providing a reflective coating highly resistant to weathering. Also suitable for interior use on wood, metal, or masonary.

When formulated with an asphalt base, aluminum paint offers maximum adhesion and water-resistance at low cost when applied to asphalt composition.

Shellac
A long-standing favorite for finishing wood floors, trim, and furniture. Shellac is thinned with alcohol and should be applied in dry, warm air to avoid clouding. It dries dust-free in 15-20 minutes.

Shellac can be used as a pre-staining wash coat to obtain an even stain tone on porous or soft wood such as pine. It can also be used to change the tone of an already shellaced surface by tinting it with alcohol soluable aniline dye.

Instead of restaining, pigmented shellac (also called â€œshellac enamelâ€) is often used as a sealant over stained finishes for a uniform, freshly painted surface.

Lacquer
A solution of film forming materials, natural or synthetic, usually applied as an ornamental or protective coating. Quick-drying synthetic lacquers are used to coat automobiles, furniture, textiles, paper, and metal wear. The lacquer formula may be varied to impart durability, hardness, gloss, or imperviousness to water. Nitrocellulose (pyroxylin) lacquers are the most widely employed. Slower drying natural lacquers contain oleo resins obtained from the juice of trees, especially of Rhus Vernicifera, a sumac of Southeast Asia.

Lacquers can come either pigmented or clear in a variety of sheens from matte to high-gloss finish.

http://www.teamccf.com

Welding for CORTEN

2011-05-11T10:04:00.001+07:00

COR-TEN can be welded both manually and mechanically, provided the general rules of welding practices are observed. A prerequisite for obtaining identical mechanical properties in the weld and in the base material is the application of suitable welding consumables and the choice of appropraite welding conditions. To consider are EN 10025-5 - Technical delivery conditions for structural steels with improved atmospheric corrosion resistance.

Recommendations for welding are also given in EN 1011 part 1 and part 2 - Welding, Recommendations for welding of metallic materials-.

Lime basic electrodes, inert-gas welding wire, and wire/power combinations equivalent to the tensile strength of S355 are used as welding consumables.

For unprotected use care must be taken that the welded joint is also weather resistant. This is possible by using welding consumables matching the base material.

If due to design or building specification stress relieving is required, it should be performed in the range temperature from about 530°C to 580°C.

RAL (color space code)

2011-04-27T13:43:00.002+07:00

This site displays a review of standard colors according the Classic RAL System. RAL is used for defining standard colors for paint and coatings. RAL is the most popular Central European Color Standard used today The colors are standard used in architecture, construction, industry and road safety. The RAL colors in this chart have been matched as closely as possible. This chart therefore can not serve as a standard for RAL Color Productions. The color depends on your monitor and printer. Use offical RAL Color Publications for most accurate color. Download here a chart with approximated colors according the Classic RAL Systems.

Source : www.ralcolor.com

Pigment ( Paint )

2011-02-27T22:21:00.002+07:00

Definition:
Pigment is a component of paint. It is a coloring material usually a finely ground powder which does not dissolve. It is suspended in a liquid solvent vehicle to become the coloring material in paint.

There are two types of pigments used in paint formulation, Prime Pigments and Extender Pigments.

Prime Pigments
These pigments are what provide the primary coloration of the paint whether white or a color shade. Quality primary pigments are usually expensive.

Extender Pigments (also "extenders")
These pigments are the filler used in paint pigment. They do not hide as well as primary pigments and have a significant impact on the overall characteristics and performance of a paint, including hiding, durability, scrubbability and retention of color.

Extender pigments have historically been made from clay, silica, talc, chalk, and to assist in mildew prevention, zinc oxide.
A newer type of paint called Ceramic Paint uses microspheric ceramic beads in place of traditional extender pigments.

Paints & Pigments

2011-02-13T22:06:00.001+07:00

Cat adalah istilah umum yang digunakan untuk keluarga produk yang digunakan untuk melindungi dan memberikan warna pada suatu objek atau permukaan dengan melapisinya dengan lapisan berpigmen.

Bahan baku cat secara garis besar terdiri dari 4 bagian, yaitu
1. Vehicle : komponen pokok dalam cat yang berfungsi untuk menghasilkan hardness,
flexibility dan pembentukan lapisan.
2. Solvent : berfungsi untuk mengencerkan cat sebelum di aplikasikan ke barang.
3. Pigment : berfungai sebagai pewarna dan menciptakan daya tutup cat.
4. Additive : bahan tambahan untuk menjadikan cat mudah di aplikasikan dan hasilnya
sesuai dengan keinginan.

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat

Acrylic Painting Tips

2011-02-05T08:34:00.001+07:00

Acrylic painting is a versatile medium to use as it dries quickly, can be increased in density to create more texture, thinned down to create a lighter appeal and can be painted over without spoiling the previous layer of paint.
Acrylic paint is a mixture of pigments and water that is combined with a binding agent (polymer emulsion) which becomes quite tough as the water eventually evaporates from the paint mix.

If you are planning on using acrylics as your chosen medium, then please go ahead and have a look at some of my acrylic painting tips below -- they have served me well so far and I am sure you will get at least one "golden nugget" from this page...
Cling wrap is very handy to mix your colours on if you have opted to keep a clean palette. It reduces your cleaning up time. Cling wrap is also a good little tool to cover the wet area on your palette if you have stop painting due to unforseen circumstances i.e.: a phone call etc. This will keep your paint wet and prevent wastage.

Although acrylic paint is fast drying, you can get a couple of days grace if you cover your palette well.

10 Perusahaan pelayaran dan agen Terbesar

2009-05-12T00:48:00.004+07:00

10 Perusahaan pelayaran dan agennya memberikan kontribusi terbesar dalam transaksi jasa pelayanan kapal dan kunjungan kapal melalui Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok selama 2008.

Data pengelola Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok menyebutkan :

1. Perusahaan Pelayaran Marine Pertamina (Persero) dengan nilai transaksi jasa
pelayanan kapal mencapai Rp790.108.472 ditambah US$2.429.501.
2. Perusahaan Pelayaran Samudera Indonesia dengan transaksi Rp135.757.126 dan
US$2.209.238,
3. NYK Lines Indonesia senilai US$1.711.069
4. Karana Line Rp5.691.773 dan US$1.633.044.
5. Pelayaran Prima Nurpanurjwan mencatat transaksi US$1.468.700
6. APL Indonesia US$1.408.334
7. K-Lines US$1.362.188
8. Djakarta Lloyd Rp463.182.699 dan US$1.189.495
9. Evergreen Shipping Agencies Indonesia US$ 1.094.142
10.Samudera Sukses Makmur Rp95.351.376 dan US$1.043.172.

Data itu juga menyebutkan 10 perusahaan pelayaran/agen yang menyumbangkan arus kunjungan kapal terbanyak selama 2008 melalui pelabuhan itu, yakni:

1. PT Andika Line dengan 1.227 unit kapal
2. ITA Lestari Mandiri 1.016 kapal
3. PT Pelayaran Nasional Indonesia (Pelni) 789 kapal
4. Marine Pertamina sebanyak 420 kapal
5. Armada Samudera Persada 411 kapal
6. Samudera Indonesia 389 kapal
7. Patria Nusa Segara 327 kapal
8. Salam Pacific Indonesia Line (PT. SPIL) 310 kapal
9. Djakarta Lloyd 270 kapal
10.Benya Laut Lepas 260 kapal.

http:// web.bisnis. com/edisi-cetak/edisi-harian/transportasi-logistik/1id97522.html

CMA CGM dangerous cargo acceptance

2009-04-03T21:13:00.000+07:00

For maritime transport of dangerous goods, materials or articles, the International Maritime Organisation has classified them in 9 classes :

Class 1, Explosives
Class 2, Gases
Class 3, Flammable liquids
Class 4, Flammable solids
Class 5, Oxidizing substances organic peroxides
Class 6, Toxic and infectious substances
Class 7, Radioactives material
Class 8, Corrosives substances
Class 9, Miscellaneous dangerous substance and articles

In reefer :
1. No class 6.1 (Toxic substances)
2. Class 3 (Flammable Liquids): Acceptable provided reefer temperature never reaches the safety temperature, if it does, reefer will be kept stopped. Safety temperature is 10°C below Flash Point.

http ://www. cma-cgm.com/en/ProductsServices/ContainerShipping/ShippingGuide.htm

Bamboo container floorings

2009-02-03T17:48:00.003+07:00

I.Product specifications and application:
1. Bamboo container floorings, Inner bamboo container floorings, etc
2. Size : 2440 X 1220 X 28mm, (also available by customization)
3. Application : Container floorings, ship boards, Train or Truck floorings

II.Features of products:
1. Environmental Protection: 3 - 5 years,
growth period * rich resources * no harm to environment
2. Complies with international standards : ISO 9002, AQIS, IICL, etc.
3. Oil – proof, easy to clean;
4. Life test : >80 times with 7260 kg car test;
5. Nailable : as good as hard wooden floorings;
6. Hold – making : good performance for hold – making, no burs inside holes;
7. Climate adaptation : as good as Apitong board;
8. Cleaning : only 3% water absorption, easily for cleaning;
9. Easy for repairing : as good as Apitong board;
10.Anti – rust : No rust;
11.Quality standard : in compliance with AWIS standards,
FHP-60 remaining > 0.051KG/m3

III.Technical Standards:
1. Density : 0.85 - 0.95g/cm3
2. Moisture content : ≤12%
3. Varixintensity ≥75 Mpa ⊥ ≥35 MPa
4. Modulus of elasticity ≥10000 MPa ⊥ ≥3500 MPa
5. Adhesive intensity ≥1.0MPa (No crack after 3 hours, boiling in water)
6. Anti-corruption : in compliance with AQIS standards,
FHP-60 remaining ≥ 0.051 KG/m3

IV.Quality lnspection
1. Standard : National
2. Standard : GB/T19536-2004

Compare ageing-resistantly with and test
1. Accelerate the aging test procedure.
2. Ageing resistant result of the test

Test Condition
1. A 20' container (TEU), 50% bamboo flooring and 50% Apitong board
2. Move the 7260kg car on the flooring until crack appears
3. Aging test results

Oil-proof/cleaning comparison test
Test Conditions:
1.A 20' container (TEU), 50% bamboo flooring and 50% Apitong board
2.Pour lubricant oil on the container board, wait for 4 hours

Test results:
1.Apitong board
Need water with soda powder, cleaning with high-pressure cleaning water for half an hours, lubricant penetrating inside, stain on surface can be seen.

2.Full bamboo container floorings
High pressure water cleaning for 10 minutes, no lubricant penetrating inside

http:// en.chinalbamboo. com/page/container/index.php

Container Floors

2009-01-30T18:10:00.001+07:00

Produced according to the international advanced container plywood flooring standard and technology, IICL standard;

Types:
+ floors without coating;
+ floors with smooth filmfaced bottom;
+ floors with anti-slip filmfaced top and smooth filmfaced bottom, can be cleaned very easy;

Description:
+ selected raw materials;
+ 28mm (19-ply or 21-ply) or 30mm thick (21-ply or 23-ply);
+ stabilized property and durability, and high technical parameters in bonding strength and modulus of elasticity;

Wood species:
+ Keruing (Apitong), Tropical hardwoods, Birch, Eucalyptus, Bamboo

Bonding:
+ weather and boil proof Phenolic Formaldehyde resin (WBP)

Sizes:
+ cut-to-size as per floor drawings;
+ 1160 x 2400 mm, 1220 x 2440 mm;

Thickness:
+ 28mm, 30mm, and others at request

Machining and sealing:
+ edge chamfer and rebate as per drawings, and water-proof edge sealing

Treatment:
+ AQIS treatment

Container Certification Procedure

2008-12-12T18:47:00.002+07:00

REVIEW : drawings and design specifications of the containers to verify compliance to ABS Rules, to the International Convention for Safe Containers (CSC) and to the codes, regulations and standards specified by the owner to the manufacturer based upon their intended service (general or restricted).

WITNESS : the structural testing of the prototype container, which is representative of the production series. Each test represents a method of actual operational handling or storage, such as stowing below deck, top lifting by spreader or bottom lifting by slings, racking on deck and longitudinal restraint on chassis in railcars. An industry established safety factor is built into each test.

SURVEY : the production of containers and monitor the manufacturer's quality control procedures. The inspection of production to ensure structural integrity focuses on the use of the issued and approved materials and on the adequate assembly, usually by welding.

ISSUE : an ABS certificate attesting to the containers' compliance with the specified codes, regulations or standards, and their structural fitness for a particular service or use. Containers for certain services, such as refrigerated containers transporting perishable cargo, or tank containers transporting hazardous materials, may receive additional certificates or approvals.

ABS offers certification to all major container regulations, codes and standards:

ABS: ABS Rules for Certification of Cargo Containers
CSC: International Convention for Safe Containers
ISO: International Organization for Standardization
TIR: Customs Convention on the International Transport of Goods Under Cover of TIR carnets
UIC: International Union of Railroads
AAR: Association of American Railroads
USDOT: US Department of Transportation
IMO: International Maritime Organization - Dangerous Goods Code
RID: International Regulations Concerning the Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Rail
ADR: European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous
Goods by Road
ATP: Agreement on the International Carriage of Perishable Foodstuffs and on the Equipment to be Used for such Carriage
ATO-DLO: Agrotechnological Research Institute
USDA: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service of the US Department of Agriculture
TCT: Australian Department of Health - Wood Treatment Regulations

from : http://www.abscontainer.org

Eks Cargo Batubara

2008-11-25T18:42:00.002+07:00

Batubara yang basah, maka airnya mempunyai kandungan sebagai berikut :

* Fe ( Ferrum )
* Mn ( Mangaan )
* Hg ( Hidrargirum ) : penyebeb penyakit kulit
* Pb ( Plumbum / Timbal ) : penyebab penyakit kulit
* SO4 ( Sulfur Oxida ) : penyebab korosi ( contoh kasus untuk container )

Jika Sulfur Oxida larut dalam air, maka air tersebut ada kandungan belerang yang menyebabkan warna air menjadi berwarna kekuning - kuningan dan ada kandungan Asam ( Ph) juga. Untuk Asam ada beberapa kriteria yang meyebabkan kerusakan, antara lain yaitu :

* Ph antara 4 - 5
Menyebabkan kesuburan tanah berkurang

* Ph kurang dari 5,6 ( Fe + O2 --> Fe2O3 )
Menyebabkan korosi terhadap logam

* Ph lebih dari 5,6 ( CaCO3 + H2SO4 --> CaSO4 + H2O + CO2 )
Menyebabkan kerusakan bangunan

Untuk kasus container, batubara menyebabkan korosi terjadi pada tempat - tempat, yaitu :
* Interior
Korosi terdapat pada panel ( left panel, right panel,door panel dan front panel ) serta ada kemungkinan dalam waktu yang relatif lama jika eks batubara basah tidak washing maka akan meyebabkan floor plywood menjadi rotten ( lapuk ).

* Exterior
Korosi dari luar tejadi pada panel roof, terjadi secara tidak langsung. Proses terjadinya saat container tersebut ditempatkan pada stacking 2 ataupun stacking 3 untuk dikeluarkan muatannya, maka butiran debu / pasir, butiran kerikil serta bongkahan batu bisa tersangkut pada panel roof di container yang berada di bawahnya dan kemugkinan sangat besar terkena air hujan sehingga endapan tersebut akan mengakibatkan korosi yang merata pada roof panel untuk jangka waktu tertentu.

Proses terjadinya korosi yaitu air yang mengandung asam saat menempel pada dinding / panel lama kelamaan akan merusak lapisan pelindung panel yaitu cat. Setelah cat berubah warna menjadi kecoklat coklatan maka asam tersebut sudah mencapai permukaan dinding corten. Meskipun dari istilah CorTen adalah anti corrosive dan tensile strength, maka lambat laun akan terkikis juga.

"Kajian kasus"

TARPAULIN SPECIFFICATION

2008-11-07T17:32:00.002+07:00

1.Basic fabric
Polyester, at least 1,100 dtex 8 threads per cm in warp and weft direction.

2.Total Weight
650 g/m2 (±5 % )

3.Tensile Strength
According to DIN 53354 warp and weft 2,500 N/50 mm.

4.Tear Strength
According to DIN 53363 warp and weft: 250 N.

5.Adhesion
According to DIN 53357: 80 N/50 mm.

6.Cold Resistance
According to DIN 53361: – 40℃.

7.Flame Resistance
According to DIN 53382 rating B.

8.Heat Resistance
According to DIN 53361: 24hr. at +70℃ - no cracks, no stickiness.

9.Dimensional Stability
Shrinkage and elongation after influence of heat according to IVK 0–0.5 %.

10.Light Fastness
According to DIN 53388 note 7-8 except white.

11.Crack Resistance
According to DIN 53355 – 100,000 times no cracks.

12.Eyelets
Circular, aluminium alloy.

13.Misc
Reinforcement on edges and roof.

GeSeaco SeaCover

2008-11-04T17:37:00.001+07:00

SeaCover is GE Seaco’s damage protection plan (DPP). It is a means for you, the customer, to eliminate the cost of repairing damage to the tank at off-hire. Operating containers in any environment is likely to result in the need for repairs and maintenance, which can lead to uncontrolled costs at off-hire, as well as administration and time delays. By choosing SeaCover, you can calculate your costs in advance and pay them as a per diem charge, allowing you to budget expenditure.

How Does it Work?

If you agree the SeaCover option at the start of the lease, you will be covered for repairs up to a set amount at the end of the lease.

When your operation of the tank is complete, simply clean and return it to the depot advised by GES. GE SeaCo will then make all the arrangements for SeaCover off-hire, including inspection of the tank and preparation of a repair estimate. The repair items will be allocated to either GE SeaCo or the lessee, depending on the type of damage.

Lessee pays: cleaning costs; cargo attack to the container (from an incompatible cargo, for example); gross negligent operation; and missing major parts, such as valves. The only other costs are those of handling and transport to and from the repair depot.

GE SeaCo pays: surveys; repairs; and missing parts, such as gaskets, seals, valve handles, outlet caps, outlet blanks, nuts and bolts, and decals.

If there are no costs outside of SeaCover the repairs will be automatically approved, saving time and management. If there are other costs outside of the agreement then GE SeaCo will notify you to allow you to approve or survey the damage as appropriate. SeaCover takes the headache and surprise out of off-hire. As a Damage Protection Policy, SeaCover covers repairs to damage during normal operation and use of the tank within a Damage Protection Policy, SeaCover covers repairs to damage during normal operation and use of the tank within the design specification. It will still, however, be necessary to retain all risk liability insurance for all events, including marine risk, perils, third party, cargo loss and major incidents.

Source : http ://www. geseacotanks.com/GESeaCoTanks /Leasing/SeaCover.htm

Open Top Parts Description

2008-09-03T18:02:00.002+07:00

Title: Open top container swinging roof bow
Abstract:
A roof bow for an open top container, which comprises a first end pin which extends from a first end of said roof bow, wherein said first end pin is insertable into a hole of a first container wall bracket, a second end pin which extends from a second end of said roof bow, wherein said second end pin is insertable into a hole of a second container wall bracket, and a pin for securing said roof bow to said open top container. The second pin has a length which is greater than the length of said first end pin, and further, the second end pin has a hole at a lower portion thereof for receiving said securing pin.

Title: Roof bow locking system
Abstract:
A locking arrangement for securing roof bow members of a trailer unit wherein several bow members are mounted at one side wall of the trailer for vertical pivoting and are simultaneously latched at an opposing side wall to prevent vertical movement thereof. The latching mechanism consists of a plurality of locking bar levers which are each pivoted on the opposing side wall to have one end overlie a retaining ring on one end of the bow members. A common actuator rests on top of the opposing wall and is pivotally attached to each of the locking bar levers at their non-overlying end. A shaft is connected by a pivot arm to the actuator and extends vertically downward adjacent the floor of the trailer where it is attached to a pivot handle to cause the locking bar levers to be positioned in either an overlying or non-overlying position with respect to their individual retaining rings.

Title: Tarpaulin support structure
Abstract:
The invention provides a new support superstructure for tarpaulins employed to cover the open top of a load container, such as a transport truck. The superstructure comprises a plurality of transverse support members, usually convex-bowed upwards, that in an operative position extend fully across the container body, each being connected at one end to a vertical pivot rod pivotally mounted on one side of the body. The support member is moved to an inoperative stored position alongside one container wall by means of a handle at the lower end of the pivot rod and accessible to an operator standing on the ground. The two support members at the respective ends of the body can be fixed. Each pivot rod may be movable vertically to facilitate the movement of the support members over a heaped load. The handle also operates to latch the support member in the operative position, and also the inoperative position if required. The tarpaulin may have longitudinal transversely-spaced stiffening rods. The opposite side wall carries a ramp member that is engaged by the respective support member free end during its final movement into the operative position, in case the end sags too far downward, each ramp terminating in a stop member.

Title: Swing away support system for a covering
Abstract:
A support for a covering over one open top of a trailer box or other container which can be displaced from the opening when the covering is removed. The support has a series of parallel bows pivotally attached at one end to one side of the opening and configured at the other end to reversibly engage the other side of the opening. A perpendicular ridgepole is pivotally connected to the bows and assures that all the bows move in unison or are uniformly prohibited from movement. A lock on one bow is simultaneously released when a rope is pulled to pivot the bows from the support position to the retracted position. A method is disclosed of pivoting the bows at least partially out of the top opening of the box or container

Title: Flexible tarpaulin support device
Abstract:
A tarpaulin support device for an open top of a trailer, vehicle or the like. The device includes a flexible and resilient pole having a first end and a second end, the pole being normally straight and bowed under tension to an arched position. A first bracket is opposed to a second bracket, each bracket being attached to the trailer and each bracket having a non-cylindrical opening therein. A first socket and a second socket each have a receptacle to receive one of the pole ends, each socket terminating in a non-cylindrical post receivable in one of the openings to retain the sockets and retain the pole and to prevent radial movement of the post.

From : http: //www. freepatentsonline.com/5664824.html

Perekrutan Karyawan PT. SPIL

2008-08-18T18:57:00.001+07:00

Peluang kerja lulusan perguruan tinggi (PT) kemaritiman cukup tinggi. Sejumlah perusahaan pelayaran besar di Indonesia banyak membutuhkan ahli Nautika (ANT) maupun ahli Teknika (ATT) tingkat II dan III. Sampai saat ini, perguruan tinggi sebagai Diklat kemaritiman masih kesulitan memenuhinya.

Hampir tiap hari kami dihubungi perusahaan pelayaran minta lulusan Nautika dan Teknika. Sedangkan peluang lulusan Ketatalaksanaan Pelayaran Niaga (KPN), juga menjanjikan meski tak sebesar kedua jurusan itu, ungkap Direktur Akademi Maritim Yogyakarta (AMY), Drs Wegig Pratama, baru-baru ini, di sela-sela tes rekrutmen calon karyawan perusahaan pelayaran PT Salam Pacific Indonesia Lines (SPIL) Surabaya, di Kampus AMY, Jl Magelang Km 4,4 Sinduadi, Mlati, Sleman. Tes rekrutmen diikuti 13 peserta, seluruhnya lulusan AMY dari Jurusan KPN. Perekrutan yang dilakukan PT SPIL Surabaya ini sudah kedua kalinya. Perekrutan calon karyawan ini untuk mengisi posisi Management Trainee di perusahaan itu. Sebelumnya, Februari 2007 PT SPIL juga mengadakan tes perekrutan untuk posisi yang sama. Hingga saat ini, tercatat ada 11 alumni AMY yang bekerja di perusahaan pelayaran itu.

Menurut Wegig, sebenarnya perusahaan bersangkutan juga menghendaki lulusan Nautika dan Teknika, tetapi baru bisa memenuhi untuk Jurusan KPN. Sebab perbandingan lulusan Teknika dan Nautika kurang dari separuhnya, dibandingkan KPN. Sehingga begitu lulus langsung direkrut perusahaan pelayaran. Sering terjadi, taruna (mahasiswa) yang sedang menempuh tugas akhir praktik lapangan, sudah dipesan sejumlah perusahaan. Minimnya lulusan Nautika dan Teknika, karena sistem pendidikannya lebih sulit dan berbeda dibanding KPN. Tapi lulusan ANT dan ATT sudah mengantongi sertifikat profesi pelaut, sehingga 100% tertampung perusahaan pelayaran, jelas Wegig, seraya menambahkan sistem pendidikan di AMY berstandar internasional, sehingga berlaku di seluruh dunia. Ditambahkan, adanya perekrutan calon karyawan di kampus merupakan wujud tanggung jawab moral AMY terhadap lulusannya. Pengelola AMY merasa berkewajiban mengantarkan lulusannya berkarir di dunia kerja.

Selain itu, juga perlu menjembatani antara lulusan dan perusahaan yang membutuhkan keahlian mereka. Sedangkan Recruitment Assesment PT SPIL, Hengli Kusuma Wardana SPsi, menjelaskan, upaya jemput bola ke kampus ini dilakukan untuk menutup kebutuhan data base karyawan yang sudah menipis. Cara ini dinilai lebih praktis dibanding dengan memasang iklan lowongan di media massa. Bila memasang iklan lowongan, masih harus menunggu berkas lamaran masuk, minimal membutuhkan waktu 2 minggu. Namun, rekrutmen langsung di kampus, hasilnya bisa nampak. Tapi kelebihan memasang iklan, pelamar yang masuk benar-benar berminat kerja. Selain itu, bisa lebih beragam dan berkualitas, jelasnya. Dijelaskan, PT SPIL memiliki divisi pelayaran kontainer, marketing, armada, HRD, TI, akunting dan keuangan, serta divisi manajemen cabang. Rekrutmen ini untuk mengisi kebutuhan management trainee bidang operasional.

Sumber dari : http:// www. kr.co.id/web/ detail.php?sid=151583&actmenu=36

Makna angka 08.08.08

2008-08-07T15:11:00.002+07:00

Angka 8 atau disebut Bintang kekayaan ini adalah salah satu white star yang membawa keberuntungan special kalau angka ini muncul pada periode sekarang ini. Selalu membawa keberuntungan ekstra dimanapun angka ini muncul.

Angka 8 adalah angka periode sekarang ini. Praktisi feng shui bintang terbang mengetahui bahwa angka 8 ini adalah angka yang paling menguntungkan untuk periode 8.

Angka 8 adalah angka keberuntungan sekarang dan sampai tahun Februari tahun 2024. Dunia bisnis memakai angka ini sebagai akhiran nomer rekening bank, nomer plat kendaraan, nomer rumah, nomer telepon, dan segala bentuk yang menggunakan nomer.

Angka 8 ini disebut juga white star dari 3 angka white star. Dua angka lainnya adalah angka 1 dan 6. Jadi kombinasi angka 1, 6 dan 8 adalah angka-angka keberuntungan periode ini. Di rumah membuat kolam air berbentuk angka 8 juga akan sangat menguntungkan.

Angka 8 adalah angka yang paling kuat di antara angka yang mewakili unsur tanah. Angka lainnya 2 dan 5. Namun disarankan untuk tidak membuat kombinasi dengan 2 dan 5. Buatlah lukisan, perhiasan dengan menggunakan bentuk angka 8 ini.

Angka 8 juga dianggap lambang infinity atau angka yang tak pernah berakhir. Keberuntungan tiada akhir. Gunakan figure 8 ini semaunya karena ini akan memberikan keberuntungan ekstra.

Besok, tanggal 08, bulan 08, tahun 08 atau 08-08-2008, benar atau salah lebih utama adalah Follow the sign, Make a choice, Get a freedom.

( di ilhami perpindahan dari MPS ke SPIL )

Spring Bolts

2008-07-28T10:23:00.002+07:00

Antiluce Fasteners

2008-07-28T10:17:00.002+07:00

Bolt-On Antiluce Fastener

Weld-On Antiluce Fastener

Flat Lever (Alternative Parts)

2008-07-28T10:14:00.001+07:00

Avtainers

2008-07-28T09:59:00.002+07:00

Avtainer - 2311 Series

A high quality fastener designed specifically for joining plywood or glass reinforced plastics to metal framing without damaging the materials or pulling the composition.

Vibration and moisture resistant
Suitable for varying hole tolerances
Pin & Shell : Low Carbon Steel (zinc plated)
Seal : Nylon (natural finish)
Locking Slug : Polyester Elastomer (natural finish)

Avtainer Shell Assembly (includes locking slug)

Note: 22.9mm diameter shell must not be used directly against container board, only against metal surfaces

Magnalok & Monobolts

2008-07-28T09:51:00.002+07:00

Before placing.
No rear obstruction.

Before placing.
Limited rear clearance.

After placing

Avdelok Pins & Collars

2008-07-28T09:37:00.002+07:00

Avdelok Bolts - 2611 Series

Pin: Carbon Boron Steel (zinc plated finish)
Collar: Low Carbon Steel (zinc plated)
Grip range shown is with a full collar. Use of half collar increases the grip range to that of the next longest pin.

Avdelok Full Collars - 2662 Series

Low Carbon Steel (zinc plated)
to suit 2611 & 2612

Spam crime

2008-07-24T12:38:00.002+07:00

Spam can be used to spread computer viruses, trojan horses or other malicious software. The objective may be identity theft, or worse (e.g., advance fee fraud). Some spam attempts to capitalize on human greed whilst other attempts to use the victims' inexperience with computer technology to trick them (e.g., Phishing). Also, with the large number of personal user information now available on the Internet, spammers are now becoming increasingly targeted in their attacks, making it difficult for even the tech-savvy users to detect them. Spam emails with a high concentration of personal data have a high rate of success.

On May 31, 2007, one of the world's most prolific spammers, Robert Alan Soloway, was arrested by U.S. authorities. Described as one of the top ten spammers in the world, Soloway was charged with 35 criminal counts, including mail fraud, wire fraud, e-mail fraud, aggravated identity theft and money laundering. Prosecutors allege that Soloway used millions of "zombie" computers to distribute spam during 2003. This is the first case in which U.S. prosecutors used identity theft laws to prosecute a spammer for taking over someone else's Internet domain name.

Scammers developed software which involves an attractive blond girl, who shows up on the screen promising a striptease if the user enters the CAPTCHA code that is often required to tell humans from computers. After entering the code several times the woman didn't take off all her clothes, instead the program restarted again.

http:// en.wikipedia .org/wiki/Spam_(electronic)

History of Internet Spam

2008-07-24T12:34:00.000+07:00

The earliest documented spam was a message advertising the availability of a new model of Digital Equipment Corporation computers sent to 393 recipients on ARPANET in 1978, by Gary Thuerk. The term "spam" for this practice had not yet been applied.

Spamming had been practiced as a prank by participants in multi-user dungeon games, to fill their rivals' accounts with unwanted electronic junk.The first known electronic chain letter, titled Make Money Fast, was released in 1988.

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The first major commercial spam incident started on March 5, 1994, when a husband and wife team of lawyers, Laurence Canter and Martha Siegel, began using bulk Usenet posting to advertise immigration law services. The incident was commonly termed the "Green Card spam", after the subject line of the postings. Defiant in the face of widespread condemnation, the attorneys claimed their detractors were hypocrites or "zealouts", claimed they had a free speech right to send unwanted commercial messages, and labeled their opponents "anti-commerce radicals." The couple wrote a controversial book entitled How to Make a Fortune on the Information Superhighway.

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Later that year a poster operating under the alias Serdar Argic posted antagonistic messages denying the Armenian Genocide to tens of thousands of Usenet discussions that had been searched for the word Turkey.

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Within a few years, the focus of spamming (and antispam efforts) moved chiefly to e-mail, where it remains today.[Arguably, the aggressive email spamming by a number of high-profile spammers such as Sanford Wallace of Cyber Promotions in the mid-to-late 1990s contributed to making spam predominantly an email phenomenon in the public mind.

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From : http:// en.wikipedia .org/wiki/Spam_(electronic)

History Pre-Internet spam

2008-07-24T12:30:00.000+07:00

In the late 19th Century Western Union allowed telegraphic messages on its network to be sent to multiple destinations. The first recorded instance of mass unsolicited commercial telegram is from May 1864.Up until the Great Depression wealthy North American residents would be deluged with nebulous investment offers. This problem never fully emerged in Europe to the degree that it did in the Americas, because telegraphy was regulated by national post offices in the European region.

Origin of the term "spam"
It is widely believed the term spam is derived from the 1970 SPAM sketch of the BBC television comedy series "Monty Python's Flying Circus".
The sketch is set in a cafe where nearly every item on the menu includes SPAM luncheon meat. As the waiter recites the SPAM-filled menu, a chorus of Viking patrons drowns out all conversations with a song repeating "SPAM, SPAM, SPAM, SPAM... lovely SPAM, wonderful SPAM", hence "SPAMming" the dialogue. The excessive amount of SPAM mentioned in the sketch is a reference to British rationing during World War II. SPAM was one of the few meat products that avoided rationing, and hence was widely available.

In the 1980s the term was adopted to describe certain abusive users who frequented BBSs and MUDs, who would repeat "SPAM" a huge number of times to scroll other users' text off the screen. In early Chat rooms services like PeopleLink and the early days of AOL, they actually flooded the screen with quotes from the Monty Python Spam sketch. This was used as a tactic by insiders of a group that wanted to drive newcomers out of the room so the usual conversation could continue. It was also used to prevent members of rival groups from chatting – for instance, Star Wars fans often invaded Star Trek chat rooms, filling the space with blocks of text until the Star Trek fans left. This act, previously called flooding or trashing, came to be known as spamming. The term was soon applied to a large amount of text broadcasted by many users.

It later came to be used on Usenet to mean excessive multiple posting—the repeated posting of the same message. The unwanted message would appear in many if not all newsgroups, just as SPAM appeared in all the menu items in the Monty Python sketch. The first usage of this sense was by Joel Furr in the aftermath of the ARMM incident of March 31, 1993, in which a piece of experimental software released dozens of recursive messages onto the news.admin.policy newsgroup. This use had also become established—to spam Usenet was flooding newsgroups with junk messages. The word was also attributed to the flood of "Make Money Fast" messages that clogged many newsgroups during the 1990s.

In 1998, the New Oxford Dictionary of English, which had previously only defined "spam" in relation to the trademarked food product, added a second definition to its entry for "spam": "Irrelevant or inappropriate messages sent on the Internet to a large number of newsgroups or users."

There are three popular false etymologies of the word "spam". The first, promulgated by early spammers Canter & Siegel, is that "spamming" is what happens when one dumps a can of SPAM luncheon meat into a fan blade. The second is the backronym "shit posing as mail." The third is similar, using "stupid pointless annoying messages." Another false etymology is the Esperanto interpretation: The term spamo (with the o-ending designating nouns) makes sense as "senpete alsendita mesaĝo", which means "a message sent to someone without request".

From : http:// en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Spam_(electronic)

Click fraud techniques

2008-07-24T12:17:00.000+07:00

There are two primary methods of generating invalid, fraudulent clicks: manual clicking (by humans) and automated clicking (by software). "Additionally, the two primary initiators of click fraud are advertising competitors and CPC engine affiliates/traffic partners," Stricchiola explained. "What is important to understand is that both competitors and affiliates/traffic partners can and do use both click generation methods to varying degrees."

"For example, an advertiser can identify a single IP address associated with one of his competitors," she further explained. "And the advertiser can inform the CPC engine about traffic from that IP, which the CPC engines are perfectly willing to filter. However, that does not mean that additional traffic isn't coming from the same competitor from a different IP address in a different region—IP addresses which change dynamically and are not very identifiable as far as being able to tie them directly to a single static source. Quite often, there will be more than one advertiser that experiences competitor fraud. When two competitors contact each other and compare notes, these kinds of activities are discovered."

http:// searchenginewatch. com/showPage.html?page=3503376

The flavors of click fraud

2008-07-24T12:12:00.001+07:00

"Click fraud has gained a lot of notoriety in the last six months, certainly in the popular press," said Jeffrey Rohrs, President of Optiem LLC. "People understand the motivations that might be leading to fraudulent clicks, or as we termed in our panel back in Chicago, the non-converting clicks."

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Some of the motivations of click fraud include financial gain, competitive advantage, revenge and blackmail. Jessie Stricchiola, founder of Alchemist Media, began by describing the financial gain click fraud "flavor."

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"Google's AdSense program, generally speaking, allows the owner/webmaster of any web site—large, small, legitimate, or fluff—to become an AdSense partner," said Stricchiola. "The incentive to become an AdSense affiliate lies in the revenue received from Google based on the percentage of the per-click revenue for the traffic that AdSense affiliates sends to the AdWords ads published on their site(s)."

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"Because approval and management of the AdSense program is primarily algorithmic and not human-edited as in Overture," she further explained, "there has been much room for abuse—basically webmasters setting up shop with web sites purely to host content for the delivery of AdWords. These webmasters create their own artificially-generated traffic by automated means—namely hitbots."

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Therefore, in this instance of financial gain, opportunities exist to use the Google AdSense program to generate direct revenue for the fraudster.
Lori Weiman, Director at KeywordMax, described the competitive advantage click fraud "flavor."
"For example, suppose one search engine advertiser's ad is in a top position, a hot spot," she said, "and obviously others would like to be in that spot. One way to get the top bidder out of the hot spot is to stop using their keywords (on your ads) and run up your competitor's bill. The hope is that your competitor will walk away and the pricing on the first couple of ads starts to drop."
"We are not just talking about competitors clicking on your ad from curiosity nor a one-time click for information about your site," she said, "but rather about competitive click behavior that happens over a period of time—purposely to get try and get you to stop bidding."

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Rohrs described the revenge motivation. "In an instance where a very highly targeted word relating to liability litigation had been bid at $10 a click, for example, somebody came in and had the audacity to bid on Overture for $99, thereby maxing out," he said. "If you understand the Overture system, it can resolve the next ad to down to the a penny below their competitor."
"One of the things that has always been inherent in the system is that if my ad is in the #2 position, and I see someone doing that type of bidding," Rohrs continued, "to pimp them, I can raise my bid up to $98.99, costing them $99 a click. But I will now resolve my ad down to a penny below the third bidder."

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"The fourth click fraud 'flavor' is blackmail," he said. "This was the first instance where click fraud hit the national radar because someone who had a clickbot had the sense to send an email, stating that he could solve Google's problem if Google helped him out a bit."

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http:// searchenginewatch. com/showPage.html?page=3503376

Impression Fraud

2008-07-24T12:11:00.000+07:00

Impression fraud is the newest threat. Google and other engines rely on an AdRank method of determining an ad's relevance. A competitor pauses his campaign while a sudden fraudulent surge in impressions on your keywords occurs. All these impressions occur with zero clicks. AdRanks for competing ads, including yours, drop through the floor. The competitor waits a bit, then swoops in with a normal ad with a high CTR. Your campaign is entrenched with keywords that are disabled or seriously crippled. So, Google makes an ad position decision based on fake data.

In the end, search traffic, and search engine marketers' success, search engines, and the industry as a whole rely on correctly labeled traffic coming from high-quality network partners (or inexpensive, lower-quality networks). All these players have a vested interest in SEM's success, except cheaters. Let's make sure the cheaters don't win in the long term.

http ://www .clickz. com/showPage.html?page=3483981

Competitive Click Fraud

2008-07-24T12:09:00.001+07:00

Competitive click fraud is a big problem for smaller businesses, particularly when the service provided is of great value (or great lifetime value), resulting in high CPCs (define). Lawyers, doctors, accountants, IT consultants, and, of course, search engine marketing (SEM)/SEO (define) firms all bid in high CPC marketplaces. The higher the CPC, the greater the effect a competitor can have on a specific budget.

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Terms such as "new york lawyer" exceed $10 CPC. If a listing gets a click a day from five people from a competitor in both Google and Overture, you'll pay an extra $1,500 a month each to those search engines. This is a serious additional cost -- with absolutely no benefit.
In our server logs, I've seen entries from competitors came through paid links and returned more than once. Click fraud or natural curiosity from a competitor considering working in our agency program? I'll never know for sure. SEO-related keyword clicks aren't cheap. The business's competitive nature can involve a certain level of personal animosity between players. Competitive click fraud can be tempting. Resist the temptation, and do unto others...

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Can you catch competitive click fraud? Perhaps. It depends on the competitor's level of sophistication. IP address lookups are the most common method of identifying click fraud, combined with cookie and session tracking and normalized benchmarking. Yet smaller businesses are likely to use Internet connections that don't directly identify them.

http:// www.clickz. com/showPage.html?page=3483981

Network Click Fraud

2008-07-24T12:04:00.000+07:00

Network click fraud occurs when a syndication partner (a smaller publisher or search engine) that receives and displays paid placement or contextual results from a search network engages in the manufacture, creation, or misrepresentation of clicks delivered to its network partner.

When a network partner manufactures clicks, either through human or robotic means, that traffic is of much lower quality than pure traffic generated through user searches. Adding this useless traffic to the network initially seems to benefit the network owner (often a search engine itself). After all, the network owner shares click revenue with the publisher.
But the network owner must also worry about network quality. Most marketers measure their traffic quality and make campaign mix and bid changes based on empirical conversion or other quality measurement data (whether automatically, manually, or both). As the network's volume of subpar traffic increases for any specific market segment, click prices drop. The remaining publishers in the network are hurt.

To renew deals with quality publishers, a network can't accept members that dilute network click quality. Google CFO George Reyes was probably focused on network-type click fraud when he stated, "I think something has to be done about this really, really quickly, because I think, potentially, it threatens our business model."
Clearly, Google takes network fraud seriously. A pending lawsuit against Texas-based Auctions Expert International claims it "flagrantly abused [Google's service] by artificially and/or fraudulently generating ad clicks."

If you think a search engine's network has quality problems, regardless of whether it's due to fraud or a poor quality publisher, build a case and show the data to the engine's reps. Or, if you want, send it to me. I can't promise to examine every case, but I'm very interested in supplementing data I have from my clients with results from other marketers.
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http:/ /www.clickz. com/showPage.html?page=3483981

Click fraud

2008-07-24T12:02:00.000+07:00

Click fraud is a type of internet crime that occurs in pay per click online advertising when a person, automated script, or computer program imitates a legitimate user of a web browser clicking on an ad, for the purpose of generating a charge per click without having actual interest in the target of the ad's link. Click fraud is the subject of some controversy and increasing litigation due to the advertising networks being a key beneficiary of the fraud.

Use of a computer to commit this type of Internet fraud is a felony in many jurisdictions, for example as covered by Penal code 502 in California, USA, and the Computer Misuse Act 1990 in the United Kingdom. There have been arrests relating to click fraud with regard to malicious clicking in order to deplete a competitor's advertising budget.

From : http: //en .wikipedia. org/wiki/Click_fraud

Konsep Manajemen Proyek

2008-07-22T09:22:00.002+07:00

Manajemen proyek sistem informasi ditekankan pada tiga faktor, yaitu : manusia, masalah dan proses. Dalam pekerjaan sistem informasi faktor manusia sangat berperan penting dalam suksesnya manajemen proyek. Pentingnya faktor manusia dinyatakan dalam model kematangan kemampuan manajemen manusia yang berfungsi untuk meningkatkan kesiapan organisasi perangkat lunak (sistem informasi) dalam menyelesaikan masalah dengan melakukan kegiatan menerima, memilih, kinerja manajemen, pelatihan, kompensasi, pengembangan karier, organisasi dan rancangan kerja serta pengembangan tim.

A. Dasar-Dasar Organisasional
Organisasi adalah sistem yang saling mempengaruhi dan saling bekerja sama antara orang yang satu dengan orang yang lain dalam suatu kelompok untuk mencapai suatu tujuan tertentu yang telah disepakati bersama. Organisasi merupakan sistem maka terdiri dari beberapa elemen yaitu :

Orang, dalam organisasi harus ada sekelompok orang yang bekerja dan salah satunya ada yang memimpin organisasi tersebut.
Tujuan, dalam organisasi harus ada tujuan yang harus dicapai, baik dalam jangka pendek maupun jangka panjang.
Posisi, setiap orang yang ada dalam suatu organisasi akan menempati posisi atau kedudukannya masing-masing.
Pekerjaan, setiap orang yang ada dalam organisasi tersebut mempunyai pekerjaan (job) masing-masing sesuai dengan posisinya.
Teknologi, untuk mencapai tujuan organisasi membutuhkan teknologi untuk membantu dalam pengolahan data menjadi suatu informasi.
Struktur, struktur organisasi merupakan pola yang mengatur pelaksanaan pekerjaan dan hubungan kerja sama antar setiap orang yang ada dalam organisasi tersebut.
Lingkungan luar, merupakan elemen yang sangat penting dan akan mempengaruhi keberhasilan suatu organisasi, misalnya adanya kebijakan pemerintah tentang organisasi.
Prinsip-prinsip organisasi adalah nilai-nilai yang digunakan sebagai landasan kerja bagi setiap orang yang ada dalam organisasi tersebut untuk mencapai keberhasilan tujuan yang telah disepakati.

Prinsip-prinsip yang ada dalam organisasi meliputi :

Tujuan organisasi yang jelas
Tugas yang dilakukan harus jelas
Pembagian tugas yang adil
Penempatan posisi yang tepat
Adanya koordinasi dan integrasi

Manajemen dalam organisasi terdiri dari tiga tingkatan pembuat keputusan manajemen yaitu
Manajemen tingkat bawah (operasional)

Manajer operasional membuat keputusan berdasarkan aturan-aturan yang telah ditetapkan sebelumnya dan menghasilkan hal-hal yang dapat diprediksikan bila diterapkan dengan benar.
Manajer operasi adalah pembuat keputusan yang pekerjaannya lebih jelas sehingga dapat mempengaruhi implementasi dalam jadwal kerja, kontrol inventaris, penerimaan, dan pengontrolan proses-proses seperti produksi.
Manajer operasi membutuhkan informasi internal yang repetitif, dan sangat tergantung pada informasi yang memuat tentang kinerja terbaru dan merupakan pengguna on-line terbesar, sumberdaya-sumberdaya informasi real-time.

Manajemen tingkat menengah (perencanaan dan kontrol manajerial)

Manajer tingkat menengah membuat perencanaan jangka pendek dan mengontrol keputusan-keputusan tentang bagaimana sumberdaya bisa dialokasikan dengan baik untuk memenuhi tujuan-tujuan organisasional, dan meramalkan kebutuhan-kebutuhan sumberdaya dimasa datang untuk meminimalkan problem-problem pegawai yang dapat membahayakan produktivitas.
Manajer tingkat menengah sangat tergantung pada informasi internal dan membutuhkan sangat besar informasi real- time agar dapat melakukan pengontrolan dengan tepat dan informasi terbaru atas kinerja yang diukur sesuai standar.

Manajemen tingkat atas (strategik)

Manajer strategik membuat keputusan-keputusan yang akan membimbing manajer operasional dan manajer tingkat menengah.
Manajer strategik bekerja di lingkungan pembuat keputusan yang sangat tidak pasti. Membutuhkan informasi yang bersifat strategis, karena tugas kesehariannya adalah pengarahan dan perencanaan.
Informasi yang strategis diperlukan untuk menilai tingkat keberhasilan organisasi menjalankan tugas dan tujuan organisasi.
Membutuhkan informasi internal (agar bisa beradaptasi dengan perubahan-perubahan yang terjadi dengan cepat) dan informasi eksternal (untuk mengetahui peraturan pemerintah,kebijakan perekonomian, kondisi pasar dan strategi perusahaan-perusahaan pesaing).

Sumber : http://moekhlispost.blogspot.com

Perubahan pandangan dalam berkarir

2008-07-22T09:00:00.001+07:00

Tulisan ini membahas mengenai perubahan yang terjadi dalam pola karir seseorang dan bagaimana strategi agar pengembangan karir dapat terjamin.

Pengembangan karir tradisional
Dalam pandangan tradisional, pengembangan karir merupakan tanggung jawab suatu organisasi yang menyiapkan karyawan dengan kualifikasi dan pengalaman tertentu, agar pada waktu dibutuhkan organisasi sudah memiliki karyawan dengan kualifikasi tertentu, sifatnya paternalistik, dari atas kebawah dan tersentralisasi.

Jadi yang dilakukan karyawan adalah bekerja sebaik mungkin, mengikuti semua pelatihan yang diberikan, menunggu kesempatan kenaikan jabatan dan biasanya menurut saja menduduki jabatan yang ditawarkan oleh perusahaan.
Pengembangan karir tradisional pada umumnya berupa kenaikan karir secara vertikal dari satu jenjang pekerjaan tertentu ke jenjang berikutnya. Jadi seseorang diharapkan mendalami suatu bidang pekerjaan tertentu kemudian menduduki jabatan manajerial.

Pengembangan karir yang sifatnya vertikal dimungkinkan karena bentuk organisasi yang sifatnya hirarkis/birokratis. Pengembangan karir tradisional kurang memberikan kesempatan kepada seseorang yang memiliki kompetensi teknikal yang tinggi namun tidak memiliki kemampuan manajerial, karena tidak tersedia jalur spesialis.
Namun beberapa perusahaan besar yang mempunyai sistem pelatihan dan pengembangan yang terintegrasi memberikan kesempatan kepada para karyawannya untuk pindah jalur profesi atau memberikan kesempatan kepada karyawannya menjadi generalis.

Tantangan Lingkungan Bisnis
Tantangan eksternal seperti globalisasi, persaingan, kemajuan teknologi, tuntutan pelanggan, mendorong suatu organisasi untuk berubah. Situasi ekonomi serta persaingan yang tajam mendorong organisasi melakukan restrukturisasi, perampingan organisasi, desentralisasi, merger, pemanfaatan IT dsb.
Struktur organisasi yang bersifat hirarkis dianggap terlalu lamban untuk memberikan nilai tambah kepada pelanggan. Organisasi dalam situasi yang sangat dinamis harus mampu bergerak secara cepat dan luwes.

Struktur organisasi yang lebih datar/ horisontal dianggap lebih tepat untuk keadaan sekarang karena jarak antara konsumen dengan pengambil keputusan lebih dekat.
Bahkan struktur organisasi yang bersifat network dimana suatu organisasi hanya memiliki pusat yang kecil dan fungsi fungsi organisasi dilaksanakan secara outsourcing., dianggap sebagai struktur yang cocok untuk situasi ini.
Tantangan lingkungan bisnis ini membuat rasa aman karyawan menjadi hilang. Tempat seseorang dalam suatu organisasi tiba-tiba bisa hilang. Hal ini dapat menimbulkan masalah besar dalam kehidupan seseorang.

Seseorang tidak dapat lagi menggantungkan hidupnya pada organisasi. Tanggung jawab pengembangan karir seseorang didorong menjadi tanggung jawab individu.
Seseorang harus mencari nilai tambah bagi dirinya sendiri sehingga lebih luwes dalam mencari pekerjaan termasuk menciptakan pekerjaan bagi dirinya sendiri (entrepreneurship). Job security yang hilang harus digantikan menjadi career security.

Paradigma Baru Pengembangan Karier
Sejalan dengan perubahan struktur organisasi maka pengembangan karier yang bersifat tradisional dianggap tidak cukup luwes untuk memunuhi kebutuhan organisasi dan karyawan pada saat ini.

Tantangan dunia bisnis menuntut pola kerja yang sifatnya lintas fungsi dan tim kerja. Seseorang yang bekerja di bidang pemasaran harus memiliki pengetahuan keuangan, sumber daya manusia, produksi atau operasi. Seseorang dapat pula mengembangkan karier ke bidang spesialis dan profesional tanpa harus melalui bidang manajerial.
Pada beberapa perusahaan imbalan yang diterima oleh seorang profesional dapat melebihi imbalan dari seorang manajer. Pilihan penting lain adalah menciptakan lapangan kerja untuk anda sendiri dan orang lain.

Nah orang-orang yang berani mangambil risiko, peka terhadap tantangan bisnis dapat memilih alternatif ini. Jadi arah pengembangan karier pada saat ini lebih variatif, bisa vertikal, horisontal, dapat juga horisontal dulu kemudian vertikal. Agar anda memiliki career security lebih aktiflah meningkatkan ketrampilan dan kompetensi, sehingga anda benar-benar menjadi sangat ahli atau memiliki keahlian yang bersifat multi skill.

Kiat-kiat memperoleh career security :

Tetapkan sasaran karir yaitu : teknikal, manajerial, profesional, fungsional atau menjadi wirausaha.
Carilah seorang mentor yang mengetahui kekuatan dan kelemahan anda.
Jangan membatasi karir anda hanya dalam satu bidang saja, karena akan mengurangi fleksibilitas ruang gerak anda.
Berpartisipasi dalam setiap kesempatan pelatihan dan pengembangan di organisasi anda, meskipun anda tidak yakin manfaatnya untuk saat ini.
Pendidikan S2 antara lain di bidang bisnis dapat memberikan lebih banyak pilihan dalam meningkatkan karir, termasuk pilihan menjadi entrepreneur.
Berkontribusilah jika anda dipilih menjadi anggota suatu proyek kerja, karena akan memperluas kompetensi lintas fungsi dan meningkatkan kerja kelompok.
Tingkatkan network anda baik didalam maupun diluar organisasi tempat anda bekerja.
Tingkatkan ketrampilan hubungan antar manusia anda seperti komunikasi, kepemimpinan, motivasi, negosiasi dsb.
Perbarui ketrampilan teknikal anda termasuk pengetahuan dalam bidang IT .
Jangan mudah berpuas diri, selalu mencoba cara kerja yang lebih baik.
Berpegang teguh pada etika yang berjalan seiring dengan sukses karier anda.

Sumber : http://triatmojo.wordpress.com

Menulis lamaran pekerjaan lewat email

2008-07-22T08:42:00.000+07:00

Makin banyak perusahaan yang membolehkan para calon karyawan untuk mengirimkan lamarannya lewat email. Hal ini tentunya menguntungkan bagi perusahaan maupun pelamar. Bagi perusahaan, ini akan mengurangi jumlah surat lamaran dalam bentuk kertas yang diterima dan arsipkan. Selain itu, lebih mudah bagi perusahaan untuk melakukan balasan surat lamaran berbentuk email ke para pengirimnya.
Bagi pelamar / calon karyawan, ini akan mempermudah untuk mengirimkan lamaran secara cepat. Jika mengirimkan lamaran ke banyak perusahaan, dengan mudah dengan mengkopi email lamaran sebelumnya dan menyesuaikannya.

Tips – tips menulis surat lamaran :
1. Judul Email
Judul email harus bisa dimengerti bagi penerimanya untuk segera mengetahui maksud dari email tersebut. Karena itu tuliskan judul yang jelas tetapi singkat.
Contoh : “Lamaran untuk Posisi Manajer Pemasaran”.

Catatan:
Tuliskan kode lowongan pekerjaan di judul atau subject email, jika diminta mencantumkan kode tersebut.

2. Penulisan Surat Lamaran
Penuliskan surat lamaran (cover letter) di badan email. Artinya, perusahaan tetap akan menerima surat lamaran dengan baik dan tidak pernah ada perusahaan yang menolak lamaran yang suratnya dituliskan di badan email.

3. Penulisan Resume
Jangan menulis resume di badan email. Tuliskan dalam file tersendiri dan jadikan sebagai lampiran email.

4. Jenis File
Perusahaan akan menentukan jenis file yang bisa dikirim pada iklan lowongan kerja. Walaupun pada umumnya jenis file Microsoft word, akan tetapi untuk jenis file yang lain seperti Pdf dan text dapat digunakan juga. Jika tidak disebutkan, kirimkan resume dalam file MS Word (.doc).

Catatan :
File text (ekstension .txt) lebih baik tidak digunakan karena pada saat dikirim dengan email, file tersebut terkadang muncul di badan email. Ini terutama jika menggunakan email gratis di Web, seperti Yahoo!, Gmail, atau Hotmail.

5. Ukuran Email
Usahakan ukuran / kapasitas email tidak melebihi 300 kb. Ukuran email ini terutama dipengaruhi oleh ukuran file yang di-attach (dilampirkan). Karena itu periksa besar file yang dilampirkan. Jika diminta menyertakan foto, jangan masukkan file foto yang terlalu besar. Perkecil ukuranya dengan menggunakan berbagai jenis program photo editor.

6. Email Signature
Email signature adalah text yang dituliskan secara otomatis oleh provider email. Signature ini bisa diprogram sendiri, atau bagian dari iklan untuk penyedia jasa email tersebut. Adanya signature ini mengurangi kesan profesional pada lamaran.
Email web gratis seperti Yahoo! dan Hotmail menambahkan signature ini secara otomatis pada semua email yang dikirim, sedangkan Gmail tidak.

7. Test Kirim
Untuk surat lamaran yang dikirim lewat email, selain melakukan proof read, perlu melakukan test pengiriman. Lakukan ini dengan mengirimkan email lamaran lengkap dengan attachment-nya ke email lain. Tentunya jangan kirimkan email percobaan tersebut ke email perusahaan tujuan.

Catatan :
Sering kali format email yang dikirim berubah setelah sampai di alamat email lain. Saat mengirimkan email dari Yahoo! ke Gmail, spasi email berubah dari satu menjadi dua. Tapi sebaliknya, email yang dikirim dari Gmail ke Yahoo! tidak berubah formatnya.

Sumber : http://triatmojo.wordpress.com

Container Corner Posts

2008-07-21T14:35:00.004+07:00

Standard Shape 2 Front Post
Description : Standard shape 2 front corner post.Made to order.
Type : Shape 2
Max Length : 3000mm
Std Length : 2440mm
Material : Mild steel
Finish : Plain

Standard Shape 1 Front Post
Description : Standard shape 1 front corner post.Made to order.
Type : Shape 1
Max Length : 3000mm
Std Length : 2440mm
Material : Mild steel
Finish : Plain

Modified Shape 1a Front Post
Description : Modified shape 1a front corner post.Made to order.
Type : Shape 1a
Max Length : 3000mm
Std Length : 2440mm
Material : Mild steel
Finish : Plain

Modified Shape 1b Front Post
Description : Modified shape 1b front corner post.Made to order.
Type : Shape 1b
Max Length : 3000mm
Std Length : 2440mm
Material : Mild steel
Finish : Plain

Modified Shape 1c Front Post
Description : Modified shape 1c front corner post.Made to order.
Type : Shape 1c
Max Length : 3000mm
Std Length : 2440mm
Material : Mild steel
Finish : Plain

Shape 29 Multi Bend Post
Description : Multi bend corner post.Made to order.
Type : Shape 29
Max Length : 3000mm
Std Length : 2440mm
Material : Mild steel
Finish : Plain

Standard Rear Post
Description : Standard rear corner post.Made to order.
Type : Rear Post
Max Length : 3000mm
Std Length : 2440mm
Material : Mild steel
Finish : Plain

Container Conversion Kits

2008-07-21T14:26:00.003+07:00

Container Door End Conversion Kit
Description :

The kit is a complete assembly, designed to fit over the open door end of a cut-down container and welded in position without modication.

Components :

Corner posts
Top rail
Bottom rail
Two fully fitted doors complete with locking gear sets and rubber gaskets
Base plates
Top lifting lugs

Suitability

Container modification
Repair of damaged containers

Container Front End Conversion Kit
Description :
The kit is a complete assembly, designed to fit over the open front end of a cut-down container and welded in position without modication.

Components

Corner posts
Top rail
Bottom rail
Corrugated panels
Base plates
Top lifting lugs

Suitability

Container modification
Repair of damaged containers

Crossmember

2008-07-21T14:16:00.003+07:00

Even Leg Channel Crossmember
Description : Channel section made to order
Type : Even leg
Max Length : 3000mm
Std Length : 2440mm
Material : Mild steel
Finish : Plain

Odd Leg Channel Crossmember
Description : Channel section made to order
Type : Odd leg
Max Length : 3000mm
Std Length : 2440mm
Material : Mild steel
Finish : Plain

Z Bearer / Crossmember
Description : Z bearer made to order
Max Length : 3000mm
Std Length : 2440mm
Material : Mild steel
Finish : Plain

Front & Rear Sills

2008-07-21T14:11:00.003+07:00

Front Sill Section

Rear Sill Section

Pengintegrasian

2008-07-19T09:37:00.003+07:00

Fungsi integrasi adalah seluruh aktivitas untuk memahami motif dan sifat karyawan sekaligus mengetahui kebutuhan mereka agar dapat memenuhi kebutuhan dan keinginan mereka, atau mengadakan penyesuaian antara kepentingan perusahaan dengan kepentingan karyawan sehingga mereka mampu bekerjasama dalam mencapai tujuan perusahaan.

Hirarki Kebutuhan dan Keinginan-Keinginan Karyawan

Kebutuhan dapat dibagi atas beberapa hal yaitu :
1. Kebutuhan fisiologi dasar ; menyangkut kebutuhan fisik dan biologis.
2. Kebutuhan-kebutuhan sosial ; kebutuhan hubungan antar manusia.
3. Kebutuhan egoistik ; menyangkut keinginan independen

Keinginan-keinginan karyawan ada beberapa hal, yaitu :
a. Upah yang baik
b. Pekerjaan yang aman secara ekonomis
c. Rekan kerja yang kompak
d. Penghargaan terhadap pekerjaan yang dijalankan
e. Pekerjaan yang berarti
f. Kesempatan untuk maju
g. Kondisi kerja yang aman, nyaman dan menarik
h. Pimpinan yang adil dan bijaksana
i. Pengarahan dan perintah yang wajar
j. Organisasi/tempat kerja yang dihargai masyarakat

Motivasi
Pengetahuan tentang motivasi bagi seorang manajer sangat diperlukan. Motivasi merupakan proses untuk mencoba mempengaruhi seseorang agar melakukan sesuatu yang diinginkan.

Berbagai teori motivasi :
1. Teori Abraham H. Maslow :
Mempunyai lima tingkatan atau hirarki kebutuhan, yaitu :
a. Kebutuhan fisiologikal
b. Kebutuhan keamanan
c. Kebutuhan sosial
d. Kebutuhan prestise
e. Aktualisasi diri

2. Teori Clayton Aldelfer :
Ditandai dengan dikenalnya akronim ERG, yaitu :
E = Exixtence
R = Relatedness
G = Growth
Menurut Clayton, pemenuhan kebutuhan manusia diusahakan serentak.

3. Teori Herzberg :
Dikenal dengan teori dua faktor, yaitu :

Faktor motivasional :
adalah hal-hal pendorong berprestasi yang sifatnya intrinsik dalam diri seseorang.
Faktor higiene :
adalah faktor yang sifatnya ekstrinsik atau bersumber dari luar.

4. Teori Keadilan :
Intinya terletak pada pandangan bahwa manusia terdorong untuk menghilangkan kesenjangan antara usaha yang dibuat dengan imbalan yang diterima.

5. Teori Harapan :
Memberikan penjelasan bahwa motivasi adalah akibat dari suatu hasil yang ingin dicapai oleh seseorang dan perkiraan yang bersangkutan bahwa tindakannya akan mengarah kepada hasil yang diinginkannya itu.

6. Teori Penguatan dan Modifikasi Perilaku :
Teori yang menyatakan bahwa modifikasi sebagai suatu bentuk motivasi tetap memperhitungkan harkat dan martabat manusia yang harus diakui dan dihormati dengan cara manusiawi pula.

7. Teori Kaitan Imbalan dengan Prestasi
Menurut teori ini, motivasi seorang karyawan sangat dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor, baik yang bersifat internal maupun eksternal.

8. Teori Motivasi Klasik :
Menyatakan bahwa seseorang akan bersedia bekerja dengan baik bila ia berkeyakinan akan memperoleh imbalan yang ada kaitannya secara langsung dengan kerjanya.

9. Teoti X dan Teori Y :
Dikemukan oleh Douglas Mc. Gregor. Teori X adalah asumsi yang didasari oleh pandangan tradisional bahwa manusia bersedia atau mau bekerja apabila sesuatu harus dikerjakan untuk kehidupannya.
Sedangkan teori Y adalah asumsi yang didasari oleh sifat manusia yang suka bekerja bahkan dengan bekerja manusia akan menemukan kepuasan.

Gaya Kepemimpinan
Menurut Ralph M. Stogdill, kepemimpinan adalah proses mengarahkan dan mempengaruhi aktivitas-aktivitas anggota kelompok yang berkaitan dengannya.

Aspek - aspek dalam kepemimpinan :
1. Menyangkut pimpinan dan bawahan
2. Menyangkut pembagian kekuasaan/power.
3. Perintah formal dan informal.

Seorang manajer adalah orang yang mempunyai wewenang untuk memerintah orang lain, terutama bawahannya.
Lima dasar kekuasaan, yaitu :
a. Kekuasaan legitimasi

bersifat formal dan wewenang yang sah
b. Kekuasaan referensi

meniru perilaku orang lain, bisa dikatakan kharisma
c. Kekuasaan ahli

karena memiliki keahlian dalam bidang tertentu
d. Kekuasaan Koersif

biasa dikenal dengan wewenang paksaan
e. Kekuasaan penghargaan/reward

dengan memberikan imbalan / wewenang hadiah

Pendekatan dalam kepemimpinan :

a. Traits

sifat-sifat kepemimpinan yang timbul sejak lahir, tidak dapat dipelajari.
b. Behavior

mempelajari apa yang dilakukan oleh perilaku yang efektif, bisa dipelajari.
c. Contingency

dengan melihat situasi

Gaya kepemimpinan dapat diartikan sebagai pola tingkah laku yang dirancang untuk mengintegrasikan tujuan organisasi dengan tujuan individu untuk mencapai suatu tujuan tertentu. Setiap pemimpin bisa saja berbeda dalam gaya kepemimpinannya.

Menurut Harris, gaya kepemimpinan dapat dibedakan menjadi :
1. Gaya kepemimpinan autokratik
Pemimpin yang otokratik beranggapan bahwa semua kewajiban untuk mengambil keputusan, menjalankan tindakan, untuk mengarahkan, memberi motivasi dan mengawasi bawahannya secara terpusat padanya.

2. Gaya kepemimpinan Partisipatif
Pemimpin yang menjalankan kepemimpinannya dengan konsultasi. Ia mencari berbagai pendapat dan pemikiran dari para bawahannya mengenai keputusan yang diambil.

3. Gaya kepemimpinan Fee Rein
Pemimpin mendelegasikan wewenang untuk mengambil keputusan kepada bawahan dengan agak lengkap. Bawahan diberikan tanggungjawab dengan pengendalian masing-masing.

4. Gaya kepemimpinan Reddin 3 D Theory
Dasar yang digunakan adalah pemimpin berorientasi pada tugas yang diberikan.

Serikat Pekerja
Keberadaan serikat pekerja atau biasa yang dikenal dengan serikat buruh, dapat merubah lingkungan kerja dan hubungan antara karyawan dengan organisasi, terutama pihak manajemen. Serikat pekerja adalah organisasi para pekerja yang dibentuk dengan tujuan mempromosikan atau menyatakan pendapat, melindungi, dan memperbaiki melalui kegiatan kolektif, kepentingan sosial, ekonomi dan politik anggotanya.

Ada dua konsep dalam serikat pekerja ini, yaitu :
1. Misi pergerakan serikat adalah untuk melindungi karyawan, meningkatkan kesejahteraan, menuntut kenaikan gaji, memperbaiki kondisi kerja dan membantu karyawan pada umumnya, pendekatan ini biasa dikenal dengan business unionisme.

2. Misi yang ditujukan kepada kebijakan sosial, ekonomi dan politik yang lebih luas, disebut dengan social unionisme.

Tipe-tipe Serikat Pekerja :
a. Craft Unions

yaitu serikat pekerja yang anggotanya terdiri atas karyawan yang mempunyai keterampilan yang sama.

b. Industrial Unions

yaitu serikat pekerja yang dibentuk berdasarkan lokasi pekerjaan yang sama.

c. Mixed Unions

yaitu serikat pekerja yang mencakup para pekerja terampil, tidak terampil, setengan terampil dari suatu lokal tertentu tidak memandang dari industri mana.

Konflik Dalam Organisasi
1. Konflik antara kelompok-kelompok dalam organisasi :
Adanya perselisihan antar kelompok di dalam perusahaan yang sama.

Sebab-sebab timbulnya konflik :
- Berbagai sumberdaya yang langka
- Perbedaan tujuan
- Saling ketergantungan dalam menjalankan pekerjaan
- Perbedaan dalam nilai atau persepsi
- Sebab-sebab lain

Metode penanganan konflik :
a. Dengan cara mengurangi atau menyelesaikan konflik
b. Dengan cara menekan masalah secara integratif

2. Konflik antara karyawan dengan manajemen :
Adalah konflik yang terjadi antara buruh dengan pimpinan dalam suatu perusahaan.

Cara menemukan konflik karyawan dan manajemen yaitu :
a. Membuat prosedur penyelesaian konflik
b. Observasi langsung
c. Kotak saran
d. Politik pintu terbuka
e. Mengangkat konsultan personalia
f. Mengangkat ombudsman

Secara garis besar, konflik antara karyawan dan manajemen dapat diselesaiakan dengan :
a. Usahakan untuk diselesaikan secara damai
b. Jika kesepakatan tidak dapat diperoleh, maka perselisihan bisa diajukan ke

DEPNAKER.
a. Perselisihan yang tidak dapat diselesaikan dapat diajukan ke pengadilan
b. Perselisihan dapat diselesaikan oleh Dewan Arbitrase.

Bagi pihak manajemen dalam menangani konflik dapat mengikuti langkah sebagai berikut :
1. Menerima dan mendefinisikan pokok masalah yang menimbulkan ketidakpuasan.
2. Mengumpulkan keterangan/fakta.
3. Menganalisa dan memutuskan
4. Memberikan jawaban
5. Tindal lanjut dan umpan balik

http:// www .geocities.com/agus_lecturer/sdm/pengintegrasian_msdm.htm

TPC Semarak Agustusan

2008-07-17T10:22:00.005+07:00

KEGIATAN

Lomba posting
Lomba foto

TEMA

TPC semarak Agustusan “ Bangkitnya Blogger Surabaya “

PESERTA

Peserta adalah blogger yang telah bergabung di Tugupahlawan.com
Kepesertaan dianggap sah apabila telah melakukan pendaftaran.

Informasi lebih lanjut, klik di : http://tugupahlawan.com/lomba-blog-semarak-agustusan

Front & Rear Headers extention

2008-07-15T09:27:00.004+07:00

Standard Shape 17 Header Section

Description : Header section
Type : Shape 17
Max Length : 3000mm
Std Length : 2440mm
Material : Mild steel
Finish : Plain

Standard Shape 18 Header Section

Description : Header section
Type : Shape 18
Max Length : 3000mm
Std Length : 2440mm
Material : Mild steel
Finish : Plain

Standard Shape 19 Header Section (2 Part)

Description : Header section
Type : Shape 19
Max Length : 3000mm
Std Length : 2440mm
Material : Mild steel
Finish : Plain

Roof Panel

2008-07-15T09:17:00.004+07:00

3 Flute Roof Panel

4 Flute Roof Panel

Round Corrugations

Square Corrugations

5 Flute Roof Panel

Corrugated panel

2008-07-15T09:10:00.005+07:00

Front & Side Container Panel

Container Decal Panels

Description : Corrugated container panel made to order
Type : Shape 25a decal panel
Max Length : 3000mm
Std Length : 2440mm
Material : Mild steel
Finish : Plain

Fork Lift Pockets

2008-07-14T15:33:00.003+07:00

Shape 15 Fork Lift Pocket (FLP)

Description : FLP made to order
Type : Shape 15
Max Length : 3000mm
Std Length : 2440mm
Material : Mild steel
Finish : Plain

Shape 24 Fork Lift Pocket (FLP)

Description : FLP made to order
Type : Shape 24
Max Length : 3000mm
Std Length : 2440mm
Material : Mild steel
Finish : Plain

Bottom Rails

2008-07-14T15:28:00.001+07:00

Description : Bottom rail section made to order
Max Length : 3000mm
Std Length : 2440mm
Material : Mild steel
Finish : Plain

Gooseneck Tunnel Sections

2008-07-14T15:17:00.001+07:00

Description : Gooseneck section made to order
Max Length : 3000mm
Std Length : 2440mm
Material : Mild steel
Finish : Plain

Hexagon Setscrews, Nuts & Bolts

2008-07-14T14:50:00.002+07:00

The following are a small representation of the threaded fasteners we offer.

Black & Mild Steel Bolts & Screws

Hexagon Round
Hexagon Round Heavy Series
Mild Steel Hexagon Screws
Countersunk Round Hexagon
Cup Round Hexagon
Cup Square Hexagon

Bright Products
Bolt

BS 3692 (M) DIN 931
BS 1768 (U)
BS 1083 (I)
BS 57 (BA)
BS 450 (SI)
BS 1981 (SU)

Screw

BS 3692 (M) DIN 933
BS 1768 (U)
BS 1083 (I)
BS 57 (BA)
BS 450 (SI)
BS 1981 (SU)

High Tensile Bolts & Screws

Bolt
Screw
Fine Pitch Bolt
Fine Pitch Screw
Higher Tensile Bolts & Screws

Nuts

Hex Full nut
Black Mild Steel Nuts Square & Hexagon
Half Hex Locknut
Slotted Nut / Thick Slotted Nut
Castle Nut
Dome Nut
Cold-forged Wing Nut
Weld Nuts Square & Hexagon
Pronged T-Nut

Self Locking Nuts

Nylon Insert Nut
Philidas Industrial
Philidas Mark V
BinxAerotight

Washers
Flat Washers - Metric

Form A Plain Edge
Form A Chamfered
Form B Plain Edge
Form B Chamfered
Form C
Form D

Flat Washers - Inch
Automobile Washers
Black Washers
Mudguard Washer

Spring Washers - Single Coil

Square Section Type
Rectangular Section Type B Square End
Rectangular Section Type BP Tanged End
Girder Section Type C
Spring Washers - Double Coil Type D

Toothed Washers

Shakeproof Type
External Form A
Internal

Stainless Steel Bolts & Screws
Bolts

Grade A2 (18/8 304) Hexagon
Grade A4 (18/10/3/316) Hexagon

Setscrews

Grade A2 (18/8 304) Hexagon
Grade A4 (18/10/3/316) Hexagon

Brass

Bolts - Hexagon
Setscrews - Hexagon

Socket Products

Cap Screw
Low Head Cap Screw
Low Head Cap Screw with Pilot Hole & Wrench to suit
Threaded To Head Cap Screw
Threaded To Head Countersunk Socket Screw

Standard ISO Casting Drawing

2008-07-12T12:29:00.002+07:00

Container Open Top Swinging Header Hinge Assemblies

2008-07-12T12:25:00.001+07:00

Description
Container open top swinging header hinge assembly. Supplied with weather seal.

Suitability
Suitable for 20ft and 40ft open top containers.Suitable for use on all top lashed tilt systems.

Note
Pivots from either end.

Part Number
2833

Standard ISO Container Corner Castings

2008-07-12T12:15:00.001+07:00

Follow up Bisik - Bisik

2008-07-12T11:53:00.002+07:00

Sebuah pengalaman saat diminta seorang teman unutk mendampinginya dalam melaksanakan inspeksi di sebuah depo container di surabaya. Seorang surveyor depo dengan lemah lembut mengajak bersalaman untuk berkenalan. Sebuah perkenalan yang sudah umum, setelah bersalaman ada beberapa kata tanya untuk mendalami dan mendapatkan informasi lebih jauh tentang lawan bicara.

Ternyata, jawaban dari pertanyaan - pertanyaan yang diajukan surveyor depo container tersebut digunakan untuk menggali titik lemah lawan bicara untuk menjatuhkannya. He he he, ini sebuah perkenalan yang ironis. Akan tetapi dari kejadian tersebut, sudah bisa digambarkan tentang kepribadiannya dan harus berhati-hati dalam berkata - kata. Jangan sampai obrolan kita dijadikan orientasi bisnis.

Kalau bidang politik, ada sebuah ungkapan " Tidak ada teman yang abadi dalam berpolitik ". Mungkin, dibidang lain hampir sama juga. Sebuah obrolan yang santai, mungkin saja bisa melambangkan sebuah ungkapan " Musang berbulu domba ", tanpa disadari oleh salah satu pihak.

Obyektif dan Stempel

2008-07-12T11:20:00.002+07:00

Sebuah pengalaman yang saya catat saat menemani seorang teman dalam melaksanakan inspeksi offhire container di salah satu depo container di surabaya. Sebuah kapasitas menjadi pengiring saja dalam berteman.

Sebuah kalimat yang sangat jelas teriang ditelinga " Jika tidak punya stamp, kami akan mengulangi lagi pekerjaan ini. Jangan nanti sampai dibandingkan dengan surveyor lain...".

Sebuah kalimat yang penuh makna bagi saya, dimana stamp adalah alat prosedural dalam melaksanakan joint inspeksi container dan itu mutlak digunakan dalam melaksanakan inspeksi yang notabene inspeksi tersebut melibatkan 3 instansi yang berbeda yaitu depo container, user container dan independent inspektor. Dan wajar bila akan mengulang lagi inspeksi tersebut jika tidak sesuai prosedur, setidaknya itu dihindari karena akan memakan waktu yang cukup lama. Dibandingkan dengan surveyor lain, kata yang mengandung arti yang sangat jelas tentang perbandingan satu dengan yang lain.

Independent surveyor memang harus punya stempel sebagai tanda instansi tempat tempat dia bernaung dan harus siap dibandingkan dengan yang lain, dengan catatan asal perbandingan tersebut fair dan obyektif. Obyektifitas adalah sangat mutlak bagi surveyor container dan independent surveyor dalam melaksanakan inspeksi, asalkan berpegang dengan guiden inspection dan guiden repair container. Jadi kenapa meski TAKUT !!! Selama adu argumen berpegang kepada keduanya, serta menutup mata secara subyektif, kalah atau menang dalam berargumen, maka perlu adanya pengakuan wawasan yang kalah kurang luas dalam memahami guiden inspection dan guiden repair container.

Mohon maaf kepada teman yang mengajak saya, saat itu saya lupa prosedur yang ada dan terbawa suasana obyektifitas hasil inspeksi yang ada. Berbangga dirilah surveyor - surveyor container yang masih menjunjung tinggi obyektifitas dan berpegang pada guiden inspection dan guiden repair container. LAZARUS.

Door Gear Set - Forged Lever

2008-07-10T08:29:00.001+07:00

Hinge Assembly

2008-07-10T08:24:00.001+07:00

Container Floor Panels

2008-07-10T08:21:00.001+07:00

Softwood Flat-Rack Planks

2008-07-10T08:18:00.001+07:00

Container Floor Planks

2008-07-10T08:16:00.001+07:00

Plywood Sheets

2008-07-10T08:13:00.000+07:00

We can provide plywood sheets to any size you require. The most common sheets, which are supplied ex-stock, are as follows:

Sealants & Adhesives

2008-07-10T08:03:00.002+07:00

Container Paint

2008-07-10T07:56:00.003+07:00

We can manufacture paint to any RAL or BS4800 paint chart.

The following container paints are supplied ex-stock. Available in 5 Litre & 25 Litre paint tins.

Magnagrip Pins & Collars

2008-07-10T07:48:00.001+07:00

Sealed Pop Rivets

2008-07-09T15:03:00.002+07:00

S.R. Sealed Rivet
Sealed & corrosion resistant locked stem fastener.

Air and water resistant seal.
Operates efficiently with oversize or elongated holes

S.R. Sealed Rivet - SR01 Series

Floorscrews

2008-07-09T14:44:00.003+07:00

The below are standard ex-stock sizes that will suit most container flooring repairs.

We can provide a full range of different floorscrews to suit any requirements you may have.

Open Pop Rivets

2008-07-09T13:45:00.008+07:00

Avex - 1661 Series - Low Profile Head

Avex - 1641 Series - Large Flange

Avinox
Avinox is a variation of the Avex fastener but manufactured in stainless steel. Recommended for use in applications exposed to corrosive environments or demanding climatic conditions.

Designed for corrosive environments
All stainless steel

Avinox - BE11 Series - Stainless Steel Breakstem

T.L.R.
A high strength, all aluminium alloy fastener.

Ideal for GRP materials. Commercial bodybuilding and repair, containers.
Water-resistant neoprene seal.

T.L.R. - 3904 Series

Door gasket

2008-07-09T13:09:00.004+07:00

Picture :

From : http://www .conpargroup. co.uk/aboutus.htm

Definisi Entrepreneur

2008-07-05T09:06:00.003+07:00

Definisi entrepreneur :
orang yang menciptakan pekerjaan yang berguna bagi diri sendiri.

Entre
berasal dari kata entrependere (bahasa France) artinya sebuah usaha yang berani dan penuh resiko (sulit).

Entrepreneur
orang yang mampu mengolah sumber daya yang ada menjadi suatu produk yang mempunyai nilai;
Mencari keuntungan dari peluang yang belum digarap orang lain.

Menurut Peggy & Charles (1999)Entrepreneur harus memiliki 4 unsur pokok :
1. Kemampuan (IQ & Skill)

membaca peluang;
berinovasi;
mengelola;
menjual.

2. Keberanian (EQ & Mental)

mengatasi ketakutan;
mengendalikan resiko
keluar dari zona kenyamanan

3. Keteguhan Hati (Motivasi Diri)

persistence (ulet), pantang menyerah;
determinasi (teguh dalam keyakinannya);
Kekuatan akan pikiran (power of mind) bahwa Anda juga bisa.

4. Kreativitas

mencari peluang (experiences)

Menurut Edison :Ada 3 pokok utama yang harus dimiliki :

1. Kenal diri;
2. Percaya diri;
3. Menjual diri.

Entrepreneur :

adalah suatu kemampuan untuk mengelola sesuatu yang ada pada diri kita untuk dimanfaatkan dan ditingkatkan agar lebih optimal, sehingga dapat meningkatkan taraf hidup kita.

Hal-hal yang harus dimiliki Entrepreneur :

pengetahuan (knowledge);
kemampuan (skill)
pengalaman (experiences);
jaringan (networking);
informasi (information);
sumber yang ada (sources);
Uang, bakat, lingkungan, keluarga, dll.
waktu (time);
masa depan dan kesempatan (future & opportunity).

diambil dari : http: //mdianapriyanto. wordpress.com/2008/03/31/definisi-entrepreneur

Prinsip - prinsip etika profesi

2008-07-05T08:51:00.002+07:00

1. Tanggung jawab

Terhadap pelaksanaan pekerjaan itu dan terhadap hasilnya.
Terhadap dampak dari profesi itu untuk kehidupan orang lain atau masyarakat
pada umumnya.

2. Keadilan.

Prinsip ini menuntut kita untuk memberikan kepada siapa saja apa
yang menjadi haknya.

3. Otonomi.

Prinsip ini menuntut agar setiap kaum profesional memiliki dan di beri
kebebasan dalam menjalankan profesinya.

SYARAT-SYARAT SUATU PROFESI :

Melibatkan kegiatan intelektual.
Menggeluti suatu batang tubuh ilmu yang khusus.
Memerlukan persiapan profesional yang alam dan bukan sekedar latihan.
Memerlukan latihan dalam jabatan yang berkesinambungan.
Menjanjikan karir hidup dan keanggotaan yang permanen.
Mementingkan layanan di atas keuntungan pribadi.
Mempunyai organisasi profesional yang kuat dan terjalin erat.
Menentukan baku standarnya sendiri, dalam hal ini adalah kode etik.

diambil dari : http:// etikaprofesidanprotokoler. blogspot.com/2008/03/prinsip-prinsip-etika-profesi.html

Pentingnya etika profesi

2008-07-05T08:45:00.001+07:00

Ethica is ine which can act as the performance index or reference for our control system”.

Dengan demikian, etika akan memberikan semacam batasan maupun standar yang akan mengatur pergaulan manusia di dalam kelompok sosialnya. Dalam pengertiannya yang secara khusus dikaitkan dengan seni pergaulan manusia, etika ini kemudian dirupakan dalam bentuk aturan (code) tertulis yang secara sistematik sengaja dibuat berdasarkan prinsipprinsip moral yang ada dan pada saat yang dibutuhkan akan bisa difungsikan sebagai alat untuk menghakimi segala macam tindakan yang secara logika-rasional umum (common sense) dinilai menyimpang dari kode etik.

Dengan demikian etika adalah refleksi dari apa yang disebut dengan “self control”, karena segala sesuatunya dibuat dan diterapkan dari dan untuk kepenringan kelompok sosial (profesi) itu sendiri. Selanjutnya, karena kelompok profesional merupakan kelompok yang berkeahlian dan berkemahiran yang diperoleh melalui proses pendidikan dan pelatihan yang berkualitas dan berstandar tinggi yang dalam menerapkan semua keahlian dan kemahirannya yang tinggi itu hanya dapat dikontrol dan dinilai dari dalam oleh rekan sejawat, sesama profesi sendiri. Kehadiran organisasi profesi dengan perangkat “built-in mechanism” berupa kode etik profesi dalam hal ini jelas akan diperlukan untuk menjaga martabat serta kehormatan profesi, dan di sisi lain melindungi masyarakat dari segala bentuk penyimpangan maupun penyalah-gunaan kehlian.

Oleh karena itu dapatlah disimpulkan bahwa sebuah profesi hanya dapat memperoleh kepercayaan dari masyarakat, bilamana dalam diri para elit profesional tersebut ada kesadaran kuat untuk mengindahkan etika profesi pada saat mereka inginmemberikan jasa keahlian profesi kepada masyarakat yang memerlukannya. Tanpa etika profesi, apa yang semual dikenal sebagai sebuah profesi yang terhormat akan segera jatuh terdegradasi menjadi sebuah pekerjaan pencarian nafkah biasa (okupasi) yang tidak diwarnai dengan nilai-nilai idealisme dan ujung-ujungnya akan berakhir dengan tidak-adanya lagi respek maupun kepercayaan yang pantas diberikan kepada para elite profesional ini.

diambil dari : http:// etikaprofesidanprotokoler. blogspot.com/2008/03/pentingnya-etika-profesi.html

Polyurethane foam

2008-07-04T10:41:00.001+07:00

This invention relates to a closed-cell rigid polyurethane foam having a remarkably low density as well as a low thermal conductivity and also well balanced in its various properties, a process for producing such polyurethane foam, and use thereof for heat insulators and refrigerators.
Rigid polyurethane foams are usually obtained by reacting a polyol component and an isocyanate component in the presence of a blowing agent, a reaction catalyst and a foam stabilizer. Since closed-cell rigid polyurethane foams are generally excellent in heat insulating properties, they are widely used as various kinds of heat insulating materials. Request is strong, however, for those polyurethane foams which are lower in density, smaller in thermal conductivity and better in moldability than those hitherto available. Various proposals have been made to improve these matters.

Blowing agent exerts a great influence on formation of closed cells and properties of foams and should be given a serious consideration in its use and treatment. Among the blowing agents generally used, chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), which is hardly decomposable, is attracting attention as its accumulation in the atmosphere could lead to destruction of the ozone layer and world-wide discussions are being made for restricting use or even production of this compound. Under such circumstances, measures against use and treatment of this compound are urgent.

It has long been known in the art that water is usable as a blowing agent. For example, Japanese Patent Application Kokai (Laid-Open) No. 53-9797 proposes use of a fluorochlorinated hydrocarbon and water (0.2 to 3 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of polyol component) as a blowing agent. It is stated that, in this case, the amount of water usable for the composition is subject to certain limitations since use of an excess amount of water not only leads to consumption of polyfunctional isocyanate component to cause a poor economy but also notably reduces flexibility of the produced foam while also deteriorating the heat insulating properties. Use of water, however, had a serious problem in that its use even in a small amount could cause deterioration of heat insulating properties or formation of gas boils in the product, resulting in unbalance of the properties required for a rigid urethane foam.

For maintaining a good balance of properties, use of a combination of specific polyol components is proposed in Japanese Patent Application Kokai (Laid-Open) No. 59-84913, but as regards the blowing agent, it is simply mentioned that trichloromethane and water are usable, with no reference being made to the amount of water to be used. Further, in Japanese Patent Application Kokai No. 62-81414, it is stated that water used for the blowing agent exerts no influence on thermal conductivity if the amount of water used is less than 1% by weight in trichlorofluoromethane, and it is rather helpful for maintaining appropriate fluidity even when the mold temperature is low. This proposal is no more than a reconfirmation of the old concept that the desired properties cannot be obtained unless the amount of water used is as small as less than 1% by weight in the blowing agent. This reflects the present state of technology in this field of art.

http:// www. freepatentsonline.com /5034425.html

Reefer container painting

2008-07-04T10:27:00.002+07:00

All steel parts shall be painted as follows:

SPA-H parts
1. Outside surfaces (end frame & side top & bottom rail)

1st primer: ZINC RICH PRIMER - 30 micron
2nd primer: RETAN SC UNDERCOAT - 40 micron
3rd top: RETAN 6000 SC RAL 9016 - 40 micron

2) Polyurethane foaming contact surfaces (inside surface)
1st primer : RETAN SC UNDERCOAT - 20 micron

MGSS parts (roof and side panel)

1st primer: RETAN SC UNDERCOAT - 40micron
2nd top: RETAN 6000 SC RAL 9016 - 40micron

Foaming contact area (HGSS, MGSS, T-floor)

Adhesive primer - 15micron

Door panel

1st primer: RETAN SC UNDERCOAT - 50micron
2nd top : RETAN 6000 SC RAL 9016 - 40micron

Under coating

1st primer: Zinc rich primer - 40micron
2nd top : Bitumen/wax - 200micron

Kanzai Paint guarantee
The application of paint will be guaranteed against corrosion and paint failure for a period of five (5) years. The guarantee is for faults affecting more than 10% of the painted surfaces and will assure partial or total re-painting of the container.
Corrosion caused by acids, alkalis or other chemicals, damage by abrasion, impact or accident are excluded.

http:// www. magnum- lease.com/pdfs/box_spec.pdf

Reefer container construction

2008-07-04T10:12:00.002+07:00

1. Base frame

Tunnel plate
4.0mm thick one piece pressed hat section
Tunnel bolster
Welded box section with 4.0mm thick upper and 4.5mm thick lower
Load transfer member
4.5mm thick pressed “U” section
Base panel
1.6mm thick corrugated panel welded to the bottom side rail
Bottom side rail
4.0mm thick upper and lower cold rolled steel, the lower bottom side rail with 3 pieces 3.0mm thick reinforcement angle

2 Floor
Floor board
63.5mm high and spaced aluminum extruded “T” Section
Floor stringer
Nine(9) pieces aluminum extruded omega section floor bow shall be stitch welded to the under side of floor board.

3 Front frame
Front top rail
4.0mm thick pressed profile
Front bottom rail
Welded construction with 4.0mm thick pressed profile.
Corner post
Welded construction with 6.0mm thick outer and inner pressed profile
Double plate
4mm thick rectangular plates

4 Rear end frame
Door header
Welded construction with 4.0mm thick outer and 3.0mm thick inner, and four (4) vertical gusset plates welded behind of cam keepers
Door sill
Welded construction with 6.0mm thick outer and 4.0mm thick inner, and four (4) vertical gusset plates welded behind of cam keepers
Corner post
Welded construction with 6.0mm thick outer and inner, and with 12mm thick reinforcement plate.
Double plate
4.0mm thick rectangular plate

5 Door panel
Each door is capable of swinging 270 degree when opened, which is designed to
prevent left hand door from opening before right hand door in TIR requirements.
Door panel
Outer –1.6mm thick pre-painted stainless steel sheet
Inner – Corten pressed section
Door Gaskets
Outer gaskets –EPDM “C“ section double lips
Inner gaskets – EPDM “O“ section
Locking Gears
SAEJIN SJ-77M or eq., with anti-theft handle & secure cam & keeper on right door center, hot-dip galvanized 75 µ
Door Hinge
Ten (10) hot dip galvanized steel hinge with bronze bushes and stainless steel washers.
Hinge pin
12mm stainless steel bar fixed by flaring
Door Lining
0.7mm thick stainless sheet, with 12mm deep pressed battens
Hinge lug
6.0mm thick MGSS plate

6 Side Wall
Outer cladding
0.8mm thick main and 1.0mm thick end MGSS with vertical corrugations, welded together by TIG method
Inner lining
0.7mm thick HGSS with deep inverted battens, welded together by TIG method
Top side rail
4mm thick cold rolled section
Side post
Three(3) 4.0mm thick and four(4) 2.0mm thick pressed omega section per side, bonded to side panel by bi-adhesive structure tape or glue
Side stringer
Eight(8) per side, MGSS pressed omega section, spot welded to side lining.

7 Roof
Outer cladding
0.8mm thick MGSS with deep pressed corrugations, welded together by TIG method
Lining
0.9mm thick one piece pre-painted aluminum sheet, with small bead corrugations
Roof bow
Five(5) pieces 0.8mm thick MGSS pressed omega section
Roof stringer
Nine(9) pieces aluminum omega section, bonded to roof lining by bi-adhesive structure tape or glue and fixed with three(3) rivets

8 Particular attachment
Tectrol system
Recesses for the tectrol track is provided at the rear end of the container, the tectrol track is not included, if requirement, we can install the tectrol track.
Floor drain
Two(2) drains are provided at each front and rear end. [Total four (4)]
Lashing bar
Six (6) pieces lashing bar per side. [Total twelve (12)]
Generator set mounting receptacles
Front corner post and front top rail fitted with receptacles and brackets for
mounting clip-on generator set.

http: // www. Magnum -lease.com/pdfs/box_spec. pdf

Pengertian Kepemimpinan (Leadership)

2008-07-03T17:13:00.002+07:00

Stogdill (1974) menyimpulkan bahwa banyak sekali definisi mengenai kepemimpinan. Hal ini dikarenakan banyak sekali orang yang telah mencoba mendefinisikan konsep kepemimpinan tersebut. Namun demikian, semua definisi kepemimpinan yang ada mempunyai beberapa unsure yang sama. Menurut Sarros dan Butchatsky (1996), "leadership is defined as the purposeful behaviour of influencing others to contribute to a commonly agreed goal for the benefit of individual as well as the organization or common good". Menurut definisi tersebut, kepemimpinan dapat didefinisikan sebagai suatu perilaku dengan tujuan tertentu untuk mempengaruhi aktivitas para anggota kelompok untuk mencapai tujuan bersama yang dirancang untuk memberikan manfaat individu dan organisasi. Sedangkan menurut Anderson (1988), "leadership means using power to influence the thoughts and actions of others in such a way that achieve high performance".

Berdasarkan definisi-definisi di atas, kepemimpinan memiliki beberapa implikasi. Antara lain:

Pertama: kepemimpinan berarti melibatkan orang atau pihak lain, yaitu para karyawan atau bawahan (followers). Para karyawan atau bawahan harus memiliki kemauan untuk menerima arahan dari pemimpin. Walaupun demikian, tanpa adanya karyawan atau bawahan, kepemimpinan tidakakan ada juga.

Kedua: seorang pemimpin yang efektif adalah seseorang yang dengan kekuasaannya (his or herpower) mampu menggugah pengikutnya untuk mencapai kinerja yang memuaskan. Menurut French dan Raven (1968), kekuasaan yang dimiliki oleh para pemimpin dapat bersumber dari:

Reward power, yang didasarkan atas persepsi bawahan bahwa pemimpin mempunyai kemampuan dan sumberdaya untuk memberikan penghargaan kepada bawahan yang mengikuti arahan-arahan pemimpinnya.
Coercive power, yang didasarkan atas persepsi bawahan bahwa pemimpin mempunyai kemampuan memberikan hukuman bagi bawahan yang tidak mengikuti arahan-arahan pemimpinnya
Legitimate power, yang didasarkan atas persepsi bawahan bahwa pemimpin mempunyaihak untuk menggunakan pengaruh dan otoritas yang dimilikinya.
Referent power, yang didasarkan atas identifikasi (pengenalan) bawahan terhadap sosokpemimpin. Para pemimpin dapat menggunakan pengaruhnya karena karakteristik pribadinya, reputasinya atau karismanya.
Expert power, yang didasarkan atas persepsi bawahan bahwa pemimpin adalah seeorang yang memiliki kompetensi dan mempunyai keahlian dalam bidangnya.Para pemimpin dapat menggunakan bentuk-bentuk kekuasaan atau kekuatan yang berbeda untuk mempengaruhi perilaku bawahan dalam berbagai situasi.

Ketiga: kepemimpinan harus memiliki kejujuran terhadap diri sendiri (integrity), sikap bertanggungjawab yang tulus (compassion), pengetahuan (cognizance), keberanian bertindak sesuai dengan keyakinan (commitment), kepercayaan pada diri sendiri dan orang lain (confidence) dan kemampuan untuk meyakinkan orang lain (communication) dalam membangun organisasi. Walaupun kepemimpinan (leadership) seringkali disamakan dengan manajemen (management), kedua konsep tersebut berbeda. Perbedaan antara pemimpin dan manajer dinyatakan secara jelas oleh Bennis and Nanus (1995). Pemimpin berfokus pada mengerjakan yang benar sedangkan manajer memusatkan perhatian pada mengerjakan secara tepat ("managers are people who do things right and leaders are people who do the right thing, "). Kepemimpinan memastikan tangga yang kita daki bersandar pada tembok secara tepat, sedangkan manajemen mengusahakan agar kita mendaki tangga seefisien mungkin.

Model-Model KepemimpinanBanyak studi mengenai kecakapan kepemimpinan (leadership skills) yang dibahas dari berbagai perspektif yang telah dilakukan oleh para peneliti. Analisis awal tentang kepemimpinan, dari tahun 1900-an hingga tahun 1950-an, memfokuskan perhatian pada perbedaan karakteristik antara pemimpin (leaders) dan pengikut/karyawan (followers). Karena hasil penelitian pada saat periode tersebut menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat satu pun sifat atau watak (trait) atau kombinasi sifat atau watak yang dapat menerangkan sepenuhnya tentang kemampuan para pemimpin, maka perhatian para peneliti bergeser pada masalah pengaruh situasi terhadap kemampuan dan tingkah laku para pemimpin. Studi-studi kepemimpinan selanjutnya berfokus pada tingkah laku yang diperagakan oleh para pemimpin yang efektif. Untuk memahami faktor-faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi tingkah laku para pemimpin yang efektif, para peneliti menggunakan model kontingensi (contingency model). Dengan model kontingensi tersebut para peneliti menguji keterkaitan antara watak pribadi, variabel-variabel situasi dan keefektifan pemimpin.Studi-studi tentang kepemimpinan pada tahun 1970-an dan 1980-an, sekali lagi memfokuskan perhatiannya kepada karakteristik individual para pemimpin yang mempengaruhi keefektifan mereka dan keberhasilan organisasi yang mereka pimpin. Hasil-hasil penelitian pada periode tahun 1970-an dan 1980-an mengarah kepada kesimpulan bahwa pemimpin dan kepemimpinan adalah persoalan yang sangat penting untuk dipelajari (crucial), namun kedua hal tersebut disadari sebagai komponen organisasi yang sangat komplek.Dalam perkembangannya, model yang relatif baru dalam studi kepemimpinan disebut sebagai model kepemimpinan transformasional. Model ini dianggap sebagai model yang terbaik dalam menjelaskan karakteristik pemimpin. Konsep kepemimpinan transformasional ini mengintegrasikan ide-ide yang dikembangkan dalam pendekatan watak, gaya dan kontingensi.Berikut ini akan dibahas tentang perkembangan pemikiran ahli-ahli manajemen mengenaimodel-model kepemimpinan yang ada dalam literatur.

(a) Model Watak Kepemimpinan (Traits Model of Leadership)Pada umumnya studi-studi kepemimpinan pada tahap awal mencoba meneliti tentang watakindividu yang melekat pada diri para pemimpin, seperti misalnya: kecerdasan, kejujuran,kematangan, ketegasan, kecakapan berbicara, kesupelan dalam bergaul, status sosial ekonomimereka dan lain-lain (Bass 1960, Stogdill 1974). Stogdill (1974) menyatakan bahwa terdapat enam kategori faktor pribadi yang membedakan antara pemimpin dan pengikut, yaitu kapasitas, prestasi, tanggung jawab, partisipasi, status dan situasi. Namun demikian banyak studi yang menunjukkan bahwa faktor-faktor yang membedakan antara pemimpin dan pengikut dalam satu studi tidak konsisten dan tidak didukung dengan hasil-hasil studi yang lain. Disamping itu, watak pribadi bukanlah faktor yang dominant dalam menentukan keberhasilan kinerja manajerial para pemimpin. Hingga tahun 1950-an, lebih dari 100 studi yang telah dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi watak atau sifat personal yang dibutuhkan oleh pemimpin yang baik, dan dari studi-studi tersebut dinyatakan bahwa hubungan antara karakteristik watak dengan efektifitas kepemimpinan, walaupun positif, tetapi tingkat signifikasinya sangat rendah (Stogdill 1970). Bukti-bukti yang ada menyarankan bahwa "leadership is a relation that exists between persons in a social situation, and that persons who are leaders in one situation may not necessarily be leaders in other situation" (Stogdill 1970). Apabila kepemimpinan didasarkan pada faktor situasi, maka pengaruh watak yang dimiliki oleh para pemimpin mempunyai pengaruh yang tidak signifikan. Kegagalan studi-studi tentang kepimpinan pada periode awal ini, yang tidak berhasil meyakinkan adanya hubungan yang jelas antara watak pribadi pemimpin dan kepemimpinan, membuat para peneliti untuk mencari faktor-faktor lain (selain faktor watak), seperti misalnya faktor situasi, yang diharapkan dapat secara jelas menerangkan perbedaan karakteristik antara pemimpin dan pengikut.

(b) Model Kepemimpinan Situasional (Model of Situasional Leadership)Model kepemimpinan situasional merupakan pengembangan model watak kepemimpinandengan fokus utama faktor situasi sebagai variabel penentu kemampuan kepemimpinan. Studistuditentang kepemimpinan situasional mencoba mengidentifikasi karakteristik situasi atau keadaan sebagai faktor penentu utama yang membuat seorang pemimpin berhasil melaksanakan tugas-tugas organisasi secara efektif dan efisien. Dan juga model ini membahas aspek kepemimpinan lebih berdasarkan fungsinya, bukan lagi hanya berdasarkan watak kepribadian pemimpin. Hencley (1973) menyatakan bahwa faktor situasi lebih menentukan keberhasilan seorang pemimpin dibandingkan dengan watak pribadinya. Menurut pendekatan kepemimpinan situasional ini, seseorang bisa dianggap sebagai pemimpin atau pengikut tergantung pada situasi atau keadaan yang dihadapi. Banyak studi yang mencoba untuk mengidentifikasi karakteristik situasi khusus yang bagaimana yang mempengaruhi kinerja para pemimpin. Hoy dan Miskel (1987), misalnya, menyatakan bahwa terdapat empat faktor yang mempengaruhi kinerja pemimpin, yaitu sifat struktural organisasi (structural properties of the organisation), iklim atau lingkungan organisasi (organisational climate), karakteristik tugas atau peran (role characteristics) dan karakteristik bawahan (subordinate characteristics). Kajian model kepemimpinan situasional lebih menjelaskan fenomena kepemimpinan dibandingkan dengan model terdahulu. Namun demikian model ini masih dianggap belum memadai karena model ini tidak dapat memprediksikan kecakapan kepemimpinan (leadership skills) yang mana yang lebih efektif dalam situasi tertentu.

(c) Model Pemimpin yang Efektif (Model of Effective Leaders)Model kajian kepemimpinan ini memberikan informasi tentang tipe-tipe tingkah laku (types of behaviours) para pemimpin yang efektif. Tingkah laku para pemimpin dapat dikatagorikan menjadi dua dimensi, yaitu struktur kelembagaan (initiating structure) dan konsiderasi (consideration). Dimensi struktur kelembagaan menggambarkan sampai sejauh mana para pemimpin mendefinisikan dan menyusun interaksi kelompok dalam rangka pencapaian tujuan organisasi serta sampai sejauh mana para pemimpin mengorganisasikan kegiatan-kegiatan kelompok mereka. Dimensi ini dikaitkan dengan usaha para pemimpin mencapai tujuan organisasi. Dimensi konsiderasi menggambarkan sampai sejauh mana tingkat hubungan kerja antara pemimpin dan bawahannya, dan sampai sejauh mana pemimpin memperhatikan kebutuhan sosial dan emosi bagi bawahan seperti misalnya kebutuhan akan pengakuan, kepuasan kerja dan penghargaan yang mempengaruhi kinerja mereka dalam organisasi. Dimensi konsiderasi ini juga dikaitkan dengan adanya pendekatan kepemimpinan yang mengutamakan komunikasi dua arah, partisipasi dan hubungan manusiawi (human relations). Halpin (1966), Blake and Mouton (1985) menyatakan bahwa tingkah laku pemimpin yang efektif cenderung menunjukkan kinerja yang tinggi terhadap dua aspek di atas. Mereka berpendapat bahwa pemimpin yang efektif adalah pemimpin yang menata kelembagaan organisasinya secara sangat terstruktur, dan mempunyai hubungan yang persahabatan yang sangat baik, saling percaya, saling menghargai dan senantiasa hangat dengan bawahannya. Secara ringkas, model kepemimpinan efektif ini mendukung anggapan bahwa pemimpin yang efektif adalah pemimpin yang dapat menangani kedua aspek organisasi dan manusia sekaligus dalam organisasinya.

(d) Model Kepemimpinan Kontingensi (Contingency Model)Studi kepemimpinan jenis ini memfokuskan perhatiannya pada kecocokan antara karakteristik watak pribadi pemimpin, tingkah lakunya dan variabel-variabel situasional. Kalau model kepemimpinan situasional berasumsi bahwa situasi yang berbeda membutuhkan tipe kepemimpinan yang berbeda, maka model kepemimpinan kontingensi memfokuskan perhatian yang lebih luas, yakni pada aspek-aspek keterkaitan antara kondisi atau variabel situasional dengan watak atau tingkah laku dan kriteria kinerja pemimpin (Hoy and Miskel 1987). Model kepemimpinan Fiedler (1967) disebut sebagai model kontingensi karena model tersebut beranggapan bahwa kontribusi pemimpin terhadap efektifitas kinerja kelompok tergantung pada cara atau gaya kepemimpinan (leadership style) dan kesesuaian situasi (the favourableness of the situation) yang dihadapinya. Menurut Fiedler, ada tiga faktor utama yang mempengaruhi kesesuaian situasi dan ketiga faktor ini selanjutnya mempengaruhi keefektifan pemimpin. Ketiga faktor tersebut adalah hubungan antara pemimpin dan bawahan (leader-member relations), struktur tugas (the task structure) dan kekuatan posisi (position power).Hubungan antara pemimpin dan bawahan menjelaskan sampai sejauh mana pemimpin itudipercaya dan disukai oleh bawahan, dan kemauan bawahan untuk mengikuti petunjuk pemimpin. Struktur tugas menjelaskan sampai sejauh mana tugas-tugas dalam organisasi didefinisikan secara jelas dan sampai sejauh mana definisi tugas-tugas tersebut dilengkapi dengan petunjuk yang rinci dan prosedur yang baku. Kekuatan posisi menjelaskan sampai sejauh mana kekuatan atau kekuasaan yang dimiliki oleh pemimpin karena posisinya diterapkan dalam organisasi untuk menanamkan rasa memiliki akan arti penting dan nilai dari tugas-tugas mereka masing-masing. Kekuatan posisi juga menjelaskan sampai sejauh mana pemimpin (misalnya) menggunakan otoritasnya dalam memberikan hukuman dan penghargaan, promosi dan penurunan pangkat (demotions).Model kontingensi yang lain, Path-Goal Theory, berpendapat bahwa efektifitas pemimpin ditentukan oleh interaksi antara tingkah laku pemimpin dengan karakteristik situasi (House 1971). Menurut House, tingkah laku pemimpin dapat dikelompokkan dalam 4 kelompok:supportive leadership (menunjukkan perhatian terhadap kesejahteraan bawahan dan menciptakaniklim kerja yang bersahabat), directive leadership (mengarahkan bawahan untuk bekerja sesuaidengan peraturan, prosedur dan petunjuk yang ada), participative leadership (konsultasi denganbawahan dalam pengambilan keputusan) dan achievement-oriented leadership (menentukantujuan organisasi yang menantang dan menekankan perlunya kinerja yang memuaskan). MenurutPath-Goal Theory, dua variabel situasi yang sangat menentukan efektifitas pemimpin adalahkarakteristik pribadi para bawahan/karyawan dan lingkungan internal organisasi seperti misalnyaperaturan dan prosedur yang ada. Walaupun model kepemimpinan kontingensi dianggap lebih sempurna dibandingkan modelmodel sebelumnya dalam memahami aspek kepemimpinan dalam organisasi, namun demikian model ini belum dapat menghasilkan klarifikasi yang jelas tentang kombinasi yang paling efektif antara karakteristik pribadi, tingkah laku pemimpin dan variabel situasional.

(e) Model Kepemimpinan Transformasional (Model of Transformational Leadership)Model kepemimpinan transformasional merupakan model yang relatif baru dalam studi-studi kepemimpinan. Burns (1978) merupakan salah satu penggagas yang secara eksplisit mendefinisikan kepemimpinan transformasional. Menurutnya, untuk memperoleh pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang model kepemimpinan transformasional, model ini perlu dipertentangkan dengan model kepemimpinan transaksional. Kepemimpinan transaksional didasarkan pada otoritas birokrasi dan legitimasi di dalam organisasi. Pemimpin transaksional pada hakekatnya menekankan bahwa seorang pemimpin perlu menentukan apa yang perlu dilakukan para bawahannya untuk mencapai tujuan organisasi. Disamping itu, pemimpin transaksional cenderung memfokuskan diri pada penyelesaian tugas-tugas organisasi. Untuk memotivasi agar bawahan melakukan tanggungjawab mereka, para pemimpin transaksional sangat mengandalkan pada sistem pemberian penghargaan dan hukuman kepada bawahannya. Sebaliknya, Burns menyatakan bahwa model kepemimpinan transformasional pada hakekatnya menekankan seorang pemimpin perlu memotivasi para bawahannya untuk melakukan tanggungjawab mereka lebih dari yang mereka harapkan. Pemimpin transformasional harus mampu mendefinisikan, mengkomunikasikan dan mengartikulasikan visi organisasi, dan bawahan harus menerima dan mengakui kredibilitas pemimpinnya.Hater dan Bass (1988) menyatakan bahwa "the dynamic of transformational leadership involve strong personal identification with the leader, joining in a shared vision of the future, or goingbeyond the self-interest exchange of rewards for compliance". Dengan demikian, pemimpin transformasional merupakan pemimpin yang karismatik dan mempunyai peran sentral dan strategis dalam membawa organisasi mencapai tujuannya. Pemimpin transformasional juga harusmempunyai kemampuan untuk menyamakan visi masa depan dengan bawahannya, serta mempertinggi kebutuhan bawahan pada tingkat yang lebih tinggi dari pada apa yang mereka butuhkan. Menurut Yammarino dan Bass (1990), pemimpin transformasional harus mampu membujuk para bawahannya melakukan tugas-tugas mereka melebihi kepentingan mereka sendiri demi kepentingan organisasi yang lebih besar.Yammarino dan Bass (1990) juga menyatakan bahwa pemimpin transformasional mengartikulasikan visi masa depan organisasi yang realistik, menstimulasi bawahan dengan cara yang intelektual, dan menaruh parhatian pada perbedaan-perbedaan yang dimiliki oleh bawahannya. Dengan demikian, seperti yang diungkapkan oleh Tichy and Devanna (1990), keberadaan para pemimpin transformasional mempunyai efek transformasi baik pada tingkat organisasi maupun pada tingkat individu. Dalam buku mereka yang berjudul "Improving Organizational Effectiveness through Transformational Leadership", Bass dan Avolio (1994) mengemukakan bahwa kepemimpinan transformasional mempunyai empat dimensi yang disebutnya sebagai "the Four I's". Dimensi yang pertama disebutnya sebagai idealized influence (pengaruh ideal). Dimensi yang pertama ini digambarkan sebagai perilaku pemimpin yang membuat para pengikutnya mengagumi,menghormati dan sekaligus mempercayainya. Dimensi yang kedua disebut sebagai inspirational motivation (motivasi inspirasi). Dalam dimensi ini, pemimpin transformasional digambarkan sebagai pemimpin yang mampu mengartikulasikan pengharapan yang jelas terhadap prestasi bawahan, mendemonstrasikan komitmennya terhadap seluruh tujuan organisasi, dan mampu menggugah spirit tim dalam organisasi melalui penumbuhan entusiasme dan optimisme. Dimensi yang ketiga disebut sebagai intellectual stimulation (stimulasi intelektual). Pemimpin transformasional harus mampu menumbuhkan ide-ide baru, memberikan solusi yang kreatif terhadap permasalahan-permasalahan yang dihadapi bawahan, dan memberikan motivasi kepada bawahan untuk mencari pendekatan-pendekatan yang baru dalam melaksanakan tugas-tugasorganisasi. Dimensi yang terakhir disebut sebagai individualized consideration (konsiderasi individu). Dalam dimensi ini, pemimpin transformasional digambarkan sebagai seorang pemimpin yang mau mendengarkan dengan penuh perhatian masukan-masukan bawahan dan secara khusus mau memperhatikan kebutuhan-kebutuhan bawahan akan pengembangan karir. Walaupun penelitian mengenai model transformasional ini termasuk relatif baru, beberapa hasil penelitian mendukung validitas keempat dimensi yang dipaparkan oleh Bass dan Avilio di atas. Banyak peneliti dan praktisi manajemen yang sepakat bahwa model kepemimpinan transformasional merupakan konsep kepemimpinan yang terbaik dalam menguraikan karakteristik pemimpin (Sarros dan Butchatsky 1996). Konsep kepemimpinan transformasional ini mengintegrasikan ide-ide yang dikembangkan dalam pendekatan-pendekatan watak (trait), gaya (style) dan kontingensi, dan juga konsep kepemimpinan transformasional menggabungkan dan menyempurnakan konsep-konsep terdahulu yang dikembangkan oleh ahli-ahli sosiologi (seperti misalnya Weber 1947) dan ahli-ahli politik (seperti misalnya Burns 1978).Beberapa ahli manajemen menjelaskan konsep-konsep kepimimpinan yang mirip dengan kepemimpinan transformasional sebagai kepemimpinan yang karismatik, inspirasional dan yang mempunyai visi (visionary). Meskipun terminologi yang digunakan berbeda, namun fenomenafenomana kepemimpinan yang digambarkan dalam konsep-konsep tersebut lebih banyak persamaannya daripada perbedaannya. Bryman (1992) menyebut kepemimpinan transformasional sebagai kepemimpinan baru (the new leadership), sedangkan Sarros dan Butchatsky (1996) menyebutnya sebagai pemimpin penerobos (breakthrough leadership). Disebut sebagai penerobos karena pemimpim semacam ini mempunyai kemampuan untuk membawa perubahan-perubahan yang sangat besar terhadap individu-individu maupun organisasi dengan jalan: memperbaiki kembali (reinvent) karakter diri individu-individu dalam organisasi ataupun perbaikan organisasi, memulai proses penciptaan inovasi, meninjau kembali struktur, proses dan nilai-nilai organisasi agar lebih baik dan lebih relevan, dengan cara-cara yang menarik dan menantang bagi semua pihak yang terlibat, dan mencoba untuk merealisasikan tujuan-tujuan organisasi yang selama ini dianggap tidak mungkin dilaksanakan. Pemimpin penerobos memahami pentingnya perubahan-perubahan yang mendasar dan besar dalam kehidupan dan pekerjaan mereka dalam mencapai hasil-hasil yang diinginkannya. Pemimpin penerobos mempunyai pemikiran yang metanoiac, dan dengan bekal pemikiran ini sang pemimpin mampu menciptakan pergesaran paradigma untuk mengembangkan praktekpraktekorganisasi yang sekarang dengan yang lebih baru dan lebih relevan. Metanoia berasaldari kata Yunani meta yang berarti perubahan, dan nous/noos yang berarti pikiran. Dengan perkembangan globalisasi ekonomi yang makin nyata, kondisi di berbagai pasar dunia makin ditandai dengan kompetisi yang sangat tinggi (hyper-competition). Tiap keunggulan daya saing perusahaan yang terlibat dalam permainan global (global game) menjadi bersifat sementara (transitory). Oleh karena itu, perusahaan sebagai pemain dalam permainan global harus terus menerus mentransformasi seluruh aspek manajemen internal perusahaan agar selalu relevan dengan kondisi persaingan baru. Pemimpin transformasional dianggap sebagai model pemimpin yang tepat dan yang mampu untuk terus-menerus meningkatkan efisiensi, produktifitas, dan inovasi usaha guna meningkatkan daya saing dalam dunia yang lebih bersaing.

http:// myhad.blogspot.co m/2007/04/pengertian-kepemimpinan-leadership.html

Team Work

2008-07-03T17:06:00.002+07:00

Dalam dunia usaha, penggunaan teamwork seringkali merupakan solusi terbaik untuk mencapai suatu kesuksesan. Teamwork yang solid akan memudahkan manajemen dalam mendelegasikan tugas-tugas organisasi. Namun demikian untuk membentuk sebuah team yang solid dibutuhkan komitment tinggi dari manajemen. Hal terpenting adalah bahwa teamwork harus dilihat sebagai suatu sumber daya yang harus dikembangkan dan dibina sama seperti sumber daya lain yang ada dalam perusahaan. Proses pembentukan, pemeliharaan dan pembinaan teamwork harus dilakukan atas dasar kesadaran penuh dari team tersebut sehingga segala sesuatu berjalan secara normal sebagai suatu aktivitas sebuah teamwork, meskipun pada kondisi tertentu manajemen dapat melakukan intervensi.

Definisi Teamwork?
Secara umum teamwork dapat didefinisikan sebagai kumpulan individu yang bekerjasama untuk mencapai suatu tujuan. Kumpulan individu-individu tersebut memiliki aturan dan mekanisme kerja yang jelas serta saling tergantung antara satu dengan yang lain. Oleh karena itu sekumpulan orang yang bekerja dalam satu ruangan, bahkan didalam satu proyek, belum tentu merupakan sebuah teamwork. Terlebih lagi jika kelompok tersebut dikelola secara otoriter, timbul faksi-faksi di dalamnya, dan minimnya interaksi antar anggota kelompok.
Ketika seseorang bekerja didalam kelompok (team), akan ada dua isu yang muncul. Pertama adalah adanya tugas-tugas (task) dan masalah-masalah yang berhubungan dengan pelaksanaan pekerjaan. Hal ini seringkali merupakan topik utama yang menjadi perhatian team. Kedua adalah proses yang terjadi di dalam teamwork itu sendiri, misalnya bagaimana mekanisme kerja atau aturan main sebuah team sebagai suatu unit kerja dari perusahaan, proses interaksi di dalam team, dan lain-lain. Dengan kata lain proses menunjuk pada semangat kerjasama, koordinasi, prosedur yang harus dilakukan dan disepakati seluruh anggota, dan hal-hal lain yang berguna untuk menjaga keharmonisan hubungan antar individu dalam kelompok itu. Tanpa memperhatikan proses maka sebuah teamwork tidak akan memiliki nilai apa-apa bagi perusahaan dan hanya akan menjadi sumber masalah bagi perusahaan dalam pembentukan sebuah teamwork. Sebaliknya jika proses tersebut ada dalam sekumpulan orang yang bekerjasama, maka performance mereka akan meningkat karena akan mendapat dukungan secara teknis maupun moral.

Mengapa Teamwork Diperlukan?
Teamwork merupakan sarana yang sangat baik dalam menggabungkan berbagai talenta dan dapat memberikan solusi inovatif suatu pendekatan yang mapan. selain itu ketrampilan dan pengetahuan yang beranekaragam yang dimiliki oleh anggota kelompok juga merupakan nilai tambah yang membuat teamwork lebih menguntungkan jika dibandingkan seorang individu yang brilian sekalipun.
Sebuah team dapat dilihat sebagai suatu unit yang mengatur dirinya sendiri. Rentangan ketrampilan dan pengetahuan yang dimiliki anggota dan self monitoring" yang ditunjukkan oleh masing-masing team memungkinkannya untuk diberikan suatu tugas dan tanggungjawab. Bahkan ketika suatu masalah tersebut dapat diputuskan oleh satu orang saja, melibatkan teamwork akan memberikan beberapa keuntungan. Keuntungan tersebut adalah: pertama keputusan yang dibuat secara bersama-sama akan meningkatkan motivasi team dalam pelaksanaanya. Kedua, keputusan bersama akan lebih mudah dipahami oleh team dibandingkan jika hanya mengandalkan keputusan dari satu orang saja.
Bila dilihat dari perspektif individu, dengan masuknya ia kedalam suatu kelompok (team) maka hal tersebut akan menambah semangat juang/motivasi untuk mencapai suatu prestasi yang mungkin tidak akan pernah dapat dicapai seorang diri oleh individu tersebut. Hal ini dapat terjadi karena team mendorong setiap anggotanya untuk memiliki wewenang dan tanggungjawab sehingga meningkatkan harga diri setiap orang.

Siklus Hidup Sebuah Teamwork
Secara umum perkembangan suatu team dapat dibagi dalam 4 tahap:

· Forming, adalah tahapan dimana para anggota setuju untuk bergabung dalam suatu team. Karena kelompok baru dibentuk maka setiap orang membawa nilai-nilai, pendapat dan cara kerja sendiri-sendiri. Konflik sangat jarang terjadi, setiap orang masih sungkan, malu-malu, bahkan seringkali ada anggota yang merasa gugup. Kelompok cenderung belum dapat memilih pemimpin (kecuali team yang sudah dipilih ketua kelompoknya terlebih dahulu).

· Storming, adalah tahapan dimana kekacauan mulai timbul di dalam team. Pemimpin yang telah dipilih seringkali dipertanyakan kemampuannya dan anggota kelompok tidak ragu-ragu untuk mengganti pemimpin yang dinilai tidak mampu. Faksi-faksi mulai terbentuk, terjadi pertentangan karena masalah-masalah pribadi, semua ngotot dengan pendapat masing-masing. Komunikasi yang terjadi sangat sedikit karena masing-masing orang tidak mau lagi menjadi pendengar dan sebagian lagi tidak mau berbicara secara terbuka.

· Norming, adalah tahapan dimana individu-individu dan sub-group yang ada dalam team mulai merasakan keuntungan bekerja bersama dan berjuang untuk menghindari team tersebut dari kehancuran (bubar). Karena semangat kerjasama sudah mulai timbul, setiap anggota mulai merasa bebas untuk mengungkapkan perasaan dan pendapatnya kepada seluruh anggota team. Selain itu semua orang mulai mau menjadi pendengar yang baik. Mekanisme kerja dan aturan-aturan main ditetapkan dan ditaati seluruh anggota.

· Performing. Tahapan ini merupakan titik kulminasi dimana team sudah berhasil membangun system yang memungkinkannya untuk dapat bekerja secara produktif dan efisien. Pada tahap ini keberhasilan team akan terlihat dari prestasi yang ditunjukkan.

Ketrampilan yang Diperlukan
Ada dua ketrampilan utama yang seharusnya dimiliki oleh anggota sebuah teamwork, yaitu:

· Ketrampilan managerial (Managerial Skills), termasuk kemampuan dalam membuat rencana kerja, menentukan tujuan, memantau kinerja, memonitor perkembangan dan memastikan pekerjaan telah dilakukan secara benar, dan lain-lain.

· Ketrampilan interpersonal (Interpersonal Skills), termasuk kemampuan berkomunikasi, saling menghargai pendapat orang lain dan kemampuan menjalin hubungan interpersonal dengan orang lain.

http:// www.e-psikologi .com/masalah/dasar.htm

The History of Computer Viruses

2008-07-01T10:47:00.006+07:00

1949

Theories for self-replicating programs are first developed.

1981

Apple Viruses 1, 2, and 3 are some of the first viruses "in the wild" or public domain. Found on the Apple II operating system, the viruses spread through Texas A&M via pirated computer games.

1983

Fred Cohen, while working on his dissertation, formally defines a computer virus as "a computer program that can affect other computer programs by modifying them in such a way as to include a (possibly evolved) copy of itself". The name 'virus' was thought of by Len Adleman.

1986

"Brain" & "PC-Write Trojan": The common story is that two brothers from Pakistan named Basit and Amjad analysed the boot sector of a floppy disk and developed a method of infecting it with a virus dubbed "Brain" (the origin is generally accepted but not absolute). Because it spread widely on the popular MS-DOS PC system this is typically called the first computer virus; even though it was predated by Cohen's experiments and the Apple II virus. That same year the first PC-based Trojan was released in the form of the popular shareware program PC-Write.

1987

"Stoned" is the first virus to infect the master boot record preventing it from starting up.

1988

One of the most common viruses, "Jerusalem", is unleashed. Activated every Friday the 13th, the virus affects both .EXE and .COM files and deletes any programs run on that day. An Indonesian programmer releases the first anti-virus software for the brain virus. The "Internet Worm" is released and crashed 5000 computers.

1989

IBM releases the first commercial anti-virus products. Intensive anti-virus research commences. The "Dark Avenger" virus appears.

1990

Symantec launches Norton AntiVirus, one of the first anti-virus programs developed by a large company. Bulletin Boards (BBS) become a common way for virus writers to share code.

1991

"Tequila" is the first widespread polymorphic virus found in the wild. Polymorphic viruses make detection difficult for virus scanners by changing their appearance with each new infection. Virus construction kits can be downloaded from virus bulletin boards enabling almost anyone to write a virus. 9% in early 1991 reported they had experienced a virus attack. By the end of the year that figure increased to 63%.

1992

1300 viruses are in existence, an increase of 420% from December of 1990. The Michelangelo scare predicts 5 million computers will crash on March 6. Only 5,000-10,000 actually go down.

1994

Good Times email hoax tears through the computer community. The hoax warns of a malicious virus that will erase an entire hard drive just by opening an email with the subject line "Good Times". Though disproved, the hoax resurfaces every six to twelve months. In England, the writer if the "Pathogen" virus is found by Scotland Yard and sentenced to 18 months in jail. This is the first prosecution.

1995

The "Concept" macro virus appears. Written in Microsoft's WordBasic it can run on PCs and Macs running Microsoft Word. Being so easy to write, macro viruses become extensively widespread.

1998

Currently harmless and yet to be found in the wild, StrangeBrew is the first virus to infect Java files. The virus modifies CLASS files to contain a copy of itself within the middle of the file's code and to begin execution from the virus section.

1999

The Melissa virus, W97M/Melissa, executes a macro in a document attached to an email, which forwards the document to 50 people in the user's Outlook address book. The virus also infects other Word documents and subsequently mails them out as attachments. Melissa spread faster than any other previous virus and infected hundreds of thousands of PCs.

The "Chernobyl" virus hit in April making the hard drvie inaccessible causing wide spread damage.

Tristate is the first multi-program macro virus; it infects Word, Excel, and PowerPoint files.
Bubbleboy is the first worm that would activate when a user simply opened and E-mail message in Microsoft Outlook (or previewed the message in Outlook Express). No attachment is necessary. Bubbleboy was the proof of concept; Kak spread widely using this technique.

2000

The "Love Bug", also known as the "ILoveYou" and "LoveLetter" virus, sends itself out via Outlook, much like Melissa. From the Phillipines, the virus comes as a VBS attachment and deletes files, including MP3, MP2, and JPG. It also sends usernames and passwords to the virus' author. "LoveLetter" spread over the US and Europe in 6 hours and infected 2.5 million PCs causing an estimated $8.7 billion in damage.

"W97M.Resume.A", a new variation of the "Melissa" virus, is determined to be in the wild. The "resume" virus acts much like "Melissa", using a Word macro to infect Outlook and spread itself.
The "Stages" virus, disguised as a joke email about the stages of life, spreads across the Internet. Unlike previous viruses, "Stages" is hidden in an attachment with a false ".txt" extension, making it easier to lure recipients into opening it. Until now, it has generally been safe to assume the text files are safe.

August 2000

saw the first Trojan developed for the Palm PDA. Called "Liberty" and developed by Aaron Ardiri the co-developer of the Palm Game Boy emulator Liberty, the Trojan was developed as an uninstall program and was distributed to a few people to help foil those who would steal the actual software. When it was accidentally released to the wider public Ardiri helped contain its spread.

2001

The Anna Kournikova virus, also known as VBS/SST, which masquerades as a picture of Tennis Star Anna Kournikova, operates in a similar manner to Melissa and The Love Bug. It spreads by sending copies of itself to the entire address book in Microsoft Outlook. It is believed that this virus was created with a so-called virus creation kit, a program which can enable even a novice programmer to create these malicious programs.

In May, the HomePage email virus hit no more than 10,000 users of Microsoft Outlook. When opened, the virus redirected users to sexually explicit Web pages. Technically known as VBSWG.X, the virus spread quickly through Asia and Europe, but was mostly prevented in the U.S. because of lessons learned in earlier time zones. The author of the virus is said to live in Argentina, and have authored the Kournikova virus earlier in the year.

The Code Red I and II worms attacked computer networks in July and August. According to Computer Economics they affected over 700,000 computers and caused upwards of 2 billion in damages. A worm spreads through external and (then) internal computer networks, as opposed to a virus which infects computers via email and certain websites. Code Red took advantage of a vulnerability in Microsoft's Windows 2000 and Windows NT server software. Microsoft developed a patch to protect networks against the worm, and admits that they too were attacked. Other major companies affected include AT&T, and the AP.

On July 25, W32/Sircam Malicious Code appears, spreading through e-mail and unprotected network shares. The code affects both the infected computer as well as all those in its e-mail address book.

The W32/Nimda worm, taking advantage of back doors left behind by the Code Red II worm, is the first to propagate itself via several methods, including e-mail, network shares and an infected Web site. The worm spreads from client to Web server by scanning for back doors.
Computer Associates International, Inc. (CA), the world's leading provider of eBusiness management solutions, released its "2001 Top 10 Virus Threats" list. The list is based on reports tracked by the company's eTrust Global Antivirus Research Centers. The list, in order of frequency, is as follows:

Win32.Badtrans.B,
Win32.Sircam.137216,
Win32.Magistr,
Win32.Badtrans.13312,
Win32.Magistr.B,
Win32.Hybris.B,
Win95.MTX,
Win32.Nimda.A,
VBS.VBSWG.Generic,
Win32.Goner.A

2002

The Klezworm infects executables by creating a hidden copy of the original host file and then overwriting the original file with itself. The hidden copy is encrypted, but contains no viral data. The name of the hidden file is the same as the original file, but with a random extension.

Nimda is a mass-mailing worm that utilizes multiple methods to spread itself. The name of the virus came from the reversed spelling of "admin". The worm sends itself out by email, searches for open network shares, attempts to copy itself to unpatched or already vulnerable Microsoft IIS web servers, and is a virus infecting both local files and files on remote network shares.

2003
After it infects a PC, the Bugbear virus searches the machine for e-mail addresses and sends a message out to each address, with a copy of itself attached. Bugbear also grabs a random address from those found in the e-mail program on the computer and uses it in the "From:" line of the messages it sends - disguising where the actual e-mails are coming from. it maskerades an someone elase known to the user of the computer causing great confusion to innocent virus free users.

The Klez.H virus randomly chooses a document from an infected computer and attaches it to the e-mails it sends out to spread itself. In addition, Klez.H spoofs the sender's address to make it look like a random person from the infected PC's address book is actually sending the email. Nasty! Extremely prolific thoughout the entire year. The Klez worm has been pushed to second place on the infamous list, causing $13.9 billion worth of damage. The Love Bug is now in the third position, accounting for $8.75 billion in damages.

Sobig is a mass-mailing worm incorporating its own SMTP engine. It arrives from the e-mail address "big@boss.com. Sobig has become the most damaging virus on record, overtaking malicious rivals Klez, Love Bug and Yaha.

In August 2003, viruses, along with overt and covert hacker attacks, caused $32.8 billion in economic damages, according to a report from mi2g, a digital risk assessment company based in London. Mi2g also notes that the Sobig virus alone accounted for $29.7 billion of economic damages worldwide.

Blaster worm - The flaw is in a component of the operating system that allows other computers to request the Windows system perform an action or service. The component, known as the remote procedure call (RPC) process, facilitates such activities such as sharing files and allowing others to use the computer's printer. During 12 hours, Symantec detected from 420 to nearly 4,000 infections per hour, with an average of about 2,500 new computer compromised hourly. Federal law enforcement got on the trail of Blaster-B's author by tracking down ownership of an Internet domain, t33kid.com, that the Blaster-B worm used to download instructions and report on infected hosts. That chase led from a San Diego wholesale ISP to a small Web hosting provider in Watauga, Texas, and, from there, to ISP Time Warner Cable, which provided Parson's father's home broadband account in Minnesota. Federal agents raided that home on Aug. 19, seizing seven computers from the house. Blaster-A first appeared on Aug. 11 and exploited a widespread vulnerability in Microsoft's Windows operating system.

2004
MyDoom: The speed with which MyDoom spread across the world was what made it so destructive. In a matter of a few hours, the MyDoom worm spread so rapidly that antivirus companies rated it as a 'high' outbreak risk. It was rated as the first serious outbreak of 2004, and within a few days had surpassed the damage caused by Sobig.F and Welchia. MyDoom.A accounted for approximately 30 percent of all e-mail traffic globally and generated in excess of 100 million infected e-mails in its first 36 hours, blocking networks and overloading servers. Only two days after MyDoom was released, a second version of the virus, MyDoom.B, was spreading across the world. MyDoom.B released distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks on the SCO and Microsoft Web sites, and also prevented machines infected with MyDoom.A from accessing antivirus sites.

Some information provided by The Learning Networ, Symantec Corp., CERT, eWEEK

No	Virus Name	Type
01	A and A	MS-DOS, Win 95, Win 98
02	A-403	MS-DOS, Win 95, Win 98
03	Abraxas	MS-DOS, Win 95, Win 98
04	Acid	MS-DOS, Win 95, Win 98
05	Acme	-
06	ABC	-
07	Actifed	-
08	Ada	-
09	Agena	-
10	AGI-Plan	-
11	Ah	-
12	AI	-
13	AIDS	-
14	AIDS II	-
15	AirCop	MS-DOS
16	Ajax	-
17	Alabama	-
18	Alcon	-
19	Alien	-
20	Ambulance	-
21	Amstrad	-
22	Ancient	-
23	Andre	-
24	Andre2	-
25	Andromeda	-
26	Angelina	-
27	Anna	-
28	Anninja	-
29	ANT	-
30	Ant-Cow	-
31	Anthrax - Boot	-
32	Anthrax - File	-
33	ANTI	-
34	AntiCMOS	-
35	Anti-D	-
36	Anti-Daf	-
37	Anti-MIT	-
38	Anti-Pascal II	-
39	Anti-Pascal	-
40	Anti-Tel	-
41	Anti-Telefonica	-
42	Arab	-
43	Aragon	-
44	Aragorn	-
45	ARCV-n	-
46	Argentina	-
47	Arka	-
48	Arma	-
49	Armagedon The Greek	-
40	Armagedon	-
51	Arriba	-
52	Arusiek	-
53	ASC	-
54	Ash	-
55	ASP-472	-
56	Astra	-
57	AT 144	-
58	AT 149	-
59	Atas	-
60	Atas3321	-
61	Atas-400	-
62	Atomic1A	-
63	Atomic1b	-
64	Atomic2A	-
65	Atomic2b	-
66	Atte-629	-
67	39676	-
68	AusPar	-
69	Australian	-
70	Azusa	-
71	B Ugly	-
72	B3	-
73	B-52	-
74	BA101	-
75	Back Time	-
76	Bad Boy	-
77	Bad Brains	-
78	Bad Command	-
79	Bad Guy	-
80	Bad Sectors 1.2	-
81	Bad-389	-
82	Bak	-
83	Bamestra	-
84	Banana	-
85	Bandit	-
86	Baobab 731	-
87	Barcelona	-
88	Barrotes 2	-
89	Barrotes	-
90	Basil	-
91	Bat	-
92	Beaches	-
93	Beast	-
94	BeBe	-
95	Beeper	-
96	Beer	-
97	Benoit	-
98	Berlin	-
99	Best Wishes	-
100	Beta	-
101	Beva-32	-
102	Beva-33	-
103	Beva-96	-
104	Beware	-
105	BFD	-
106	Big 2000	-
107	Bit Addict	-
108	Black Knight	-
109	Black Monday	-
110	Blackjack	-
111	Blaze	-
112	Bljec	-
113	Blood Lust	-
114	Blood Rage	-
115	Blood	-
116	Blood-2	-
117	Bob	-
118	Bomber	-
119	Boot Killer	-
120	Bouncing Dot	-
121	Bow	-
122	Boys	-
123	Brainy	-
124	BrO_AcT	Windows XP
125	Brotherhood	-
126	Brothers	-
127	Browser	-
128	Bryansk	-
129	Bubbles 2	-
130	Bubbles	-
131	Bubonic	-
132	Budo	-
133	Burger	-
134	Burghofer	-
135	Busted	-
136	Butterfly	-
137	Butthole	-
138	Byte Bandit	Amiga, Bootsector virus
139	Byte Warrior	Amiga, Boot sector virus
140	(c)Brain	-
141	C	-
142	Cabanas	-
143	Caco-Daemon	-
144	CAD Kill	-
145	C-A-D	-
146	Cannabis	-
147	Cansu	-
148	Capital	-
149	Cara	-
150	Caribe	-
151	Carioca	-
152	CaroEvil	-
153	Cartuja	-
154	Casc1621	-
155	Casc-2	-
156	Cascade	-
157	Cascade/170x	-
158	Casino	-
159	Casper	-
160	Casteggio	-
161	Catman	-
162	Catphish	-
163	Caz	-
164	CB-1530	-
165	CD	-
166	CDEF	-
167	CDFL Mac	-
168	CD-10	-
169	Century	-
170	Cerburus	-
171	CFSK	-
172	Chad	-
173	Chang	-
174	Chaos	-
175	Chaser	-
176	Chcc	-
177	Cheeba	-
178	Cheesy	-
179	Chemist	-
180	Chemnitz	-
181	Chernobyl	-
182	Chile Mediera	-
183	Chinese Blood	-
184	Chr-869	-
185	Chrisj13	-
186	Christmas Tree	-
187	Christmas Violator	-
188	CIH	-
189	Cinderella	-
190	Civil Service	-
191	Civil War II	-
192	Civil War III	-
193	Civil War IV	-
194	Civil War V	-
195	Civil War	-
196	CkSum	-
197	Clint	-
198	Clonewar 2	-
199	Clonewar	-
200	Clust	-
201	Coahuila	-
202	CODE 1	-
203	CODE 252	-
204	Code Zero	-
205	Coffee Shop	-
206	Collor de Mello	-
207	Color	-
208	Com16850	-
209	Com2S	-
210	Comdex	-
211	Commentator	-
212	Como	-
213	Compiler2	-
214	Comspec	-
215	Cop-Mpl	-
216	Copyright	-
217	Copyr-ug	-
218	Coruna	-
219	Coruna3	-
220	Cossiga No Grazie	-
221	Cossiga	-
222	Costeau	-
223	CPXK	-
224	Cracker Jack	-
225	Cracky	-
226	Crash	-
227	Crasher	-
228	Crazy Eddie	-
229	Crazy Imp	-
230	CrazyI B	-
231	CRF	-
232	Cross Over	-
233	CSL	-
234	CV4	-
235	DKid	-
236	Dada	-
237	Damage	-
238	Danny	-
239	Dark Apocalypse	-
240	Dark Avenger	-
241	Dark End	-
242	DataLock	-
243	Datos	-
244	Davis	-
245	Day10	-
246	Death	-
247	Deceide 2	-
248	Dedicated	-
249	Deicide	-
250	Demolition	-
251	Demon	-
252	Den Zuk	-
253	Dennis	-
254	Deranged	-
255	Diablo	-
256	Dial	-
257	Dima	-
258	Disk Killer	-
259	Dismember	-
260	Dodgy 1024	-
261	Dodo 2456	-
262	Dodo	-
263	Doodle	-
264	Dorn	-
265	Dose-A	-
266	Druid	-
267	Dudley	-
268	Dutch Tiny	-
269	Dutch	-
270	Earthday	-
271	Eclypse	-
272	ECV	-
273	Ed	-
274	Edcl	-
275	EDV	-
276	Egg	-
277	Ein Volk	-
278	Einstein	-
279	Ekoterror	-
280	E1ectr0n	-
281	Eliza	DOS
282	Elk Cloner	Apple II
283	Elvirus	-
284	EMF 625	-
285	EMF	-
286	Emmie	-
287	EMO	-
288	Empire	-
289	End-of	-
290	Enemy	-
291	Enigma	-
292	Enola	-
293	Error 412 virus	-
294	Error	-
295	Essex	-
296	Estepa	-
297	ETC	-
298	Europe-92	-
299	Evil Genius	-
300	Exper416	-
301	Explode	-
302	Exploration	-
303	Exterminator	-
304	Eziarch	-
305	FamD	-
306	FamE	-
307	FamH	-
308	Family Q	-
309	FamJ	-
310	FamM	-
311	FamN	-
312	FamQ	-
313	FamR	-
314	FamS	-
315	FamV1	-
316	FamV2	-
317	FamV3	-
318	FamV4	-
319	Farcus	-
320	Father Christmas	-
321	Faust	-
322	Fax Free	-
323	Fear	-
324	Feist	-
325	Fellowship	-
326	Fich	-
327	Fich897	-
328	Filedate	-
329	Filename	-
330	Filler	-
331	Fingers	-
332	Finn-357	-
333	Fish 1100	-
334	Fish 2	-
335	Fish 2420	-
336	Fish Boot	-
337	Fish	-
338	Flagyll	-
339	Flash	-
340	Flex	-
341	Flip	-
342	Flower	-
343	Flu-2	-
344	Fly11	-
345	Fone Sex	-
346	Fotomoto	-
347	Forger2	-
348	Form	-
349	Frajer	-
350	Francois	-
351	Frankie	Macintosh emulator
352	Fratricide	-
353	Free	-
354	Frere Jacques	-
355	Fri13-nz	-
356	Friday 13th COM	-
357	Friday 13th	-
358	Friday the 13th - Version A	-
359	Frodo Soft	-
360	Frodo-458	-
361	Frogs	-
362	Fu Manchu	-
363	Fune	-
364	Futhark	-
365	Fvhs-a	-
366	Fvhs-B	-
367	F-Word	-
368	paul eduard	-
369	G	-
370	Galicia	-
371	Ganeu	-
372	Gedza	-
373	Geek	-
374	Generic Boot	-
375	Generic File	-
376	Generic MBR	-
377	Gergana	-
378	Germ	-
379	Get Password 1	-
380	Ghost Boot	-
381	Ghost COM	-
382	Ghost Dos-62	-
383	Gijon	-
384	Gliss	-
385	Goblin	-
386	Gomb	-
387	Gorlovka	-
388	Gotch 4	-
389	Gotcha 1	-
390	Gotcha 2	-
391	Gotcha 3	-
392	Gotcha 9e	-
393	Gotcha	-
394	Got-you	-
395	Grapje	-
396	Graveyard	-
397	Graybird	-
398	Green	-
399	Grog31	-
400	Groovy	-
401	Growing Block	-
402	Grue	-
403	Grunt	-
404	Grunt-3	-
405	Guppy	-
406	H2	-
407	H-457	-
408	HA	-
409	Hack-83	-
410	HACKER	-
411	Hacktic	-
412	Hafen	-
413	Haifa	-
414	Hallo	-
415	Halloechen	-
416	Halloween	-
417	Hammer	-
418	Happy N. Y.	-
419	Happy	-
420	Hara	-
421	Harakiri	-
422	Hare	MS-DOS
423	-	Windows 95, Windows 98
424	Harm	-
425	Hary	-
426	Hastings	-
427	Hate	-
428	HBT	-
429	Heevahava	-
430	Hello	-
431	Hellween 1182	-
432	Hellween	-
433	Here	-
434	Hero	-
435	Hero-394	-
436	Hi	-
437	Hidrag	-
438	Highland	-
439	Hiperion	-
440	Hitchcock	-
441	Hitler	-
442	Holland Girl	-
443	Holo/Holocaust	-
444	Horror	-
445	Horse	Boot
446	Horse	-
447	HS	-
448	Huge	-
449	Hungarian	-
450	Hybrid	-
451	Hymn	-
452	IB Demonic	-
453	I-B	-
454	Ice 9	-
455	ICE9-159	-
456	ICE9-199	-
457	ICE9-224	-
458	Ice9-250	-
459	Icelandic II	-
460	Icelandic	-
461	Icelandic-3	-
462	IDF	-
463	Idle	-
464	Ieronim	-
465	IKV528	-
466	Ill	-
467	I LOVE YOU	-
468	Incom	-
469	Infinity	-
470	INIT 17	-
471	INIT 29	-
472	INIT 1984	-
473	INIT 9403	-
474	INIT-M	-
475	Inofensivo	-
476	Inrud-B	-
477	Internal	-
478	Intruder	-
479	Invader	-
480	Invisible Man	-
481	Invitation	-
482	Invol	-
483	IOU	-
484	Iranian	-
485	Iraqi Warrior	-
486	IT	-
487	IVP EX1	-
488	IVP EX2	-
489	IVP	-
490	Japan	-
491	Jdbgmgr	-
492	Jeefo	-
493	Jeff	-
494	Jerk	-
495	Jeru-1663	-
496	Jerusalem	-
497	Joanna	-
498	Jobbie	-
499	John	-
500	JoJo	-
501	Joke	-
502	Joker	-
503	Joker-1602	-
504	Joker3	-
505	Jos	-
506	Joshi	-
507	Joshua	-
508	July 13th	-
509	39655	-
510	June 16th	-
511	June1530	-
512	Justice	-
513	Kamasutra	-
514	Kak worm	-
515	L1	-
516	Label Amiga	Boot sector virus
517	Lamer Exterminator	-
518	Lanc	-
519	Lanc5476	-
520	Lanc5882	-
521	Larry	-
522	Lazy	-
523	LCV	-
524	Leapfrog	-
525	Leech	-
526	Lehigh	-
527	Lenart	-
528	Leper AOD	-
529	Les	-
530	Lib1172	-
531	Liberty	-
532	Liquid Code - 2	-
533	Liquid Code	-
534	Lisbon	-
535	Little Brother 299	-
536	Little Brother 349	-
537	Little Brother 361	-
538	Little Brother	-
539	Little Girl	-
540	Little Pieces	-
541	Little	-
542	LiXi	-
543	LixoNuke	-
544	Loa Duong	-
545	LockJaw	-
546	Lockz	-
547	LPT-OFF	-
548	Lycee	-
549	Macedonia	-
550	MacMag	-
551	Magnitogorski 3	-
552	Magnum	-
553	Malage	-
554	Malaise	-
555	Malign	-
556	Malmsey Habitat v3.b	-
557	Malmsey2	-
558	Malsmsey	-
559	Maltese Amoeba	-
560	Mannequin	-
561	Manola	-
562	Manta	-
563	Marauder	-
564	Mardi Bros	-
565	Marijuana	-
566	Mark II	-
567	Marzia	-
568	Math Test	-
569	Matura	-
570	Mayak Trojan	-
571	Mazor	-
572	MBDF	-
573	MCWH1022	-
574	McWhale	-
575	MDEF	-
576	Meditation	-
577	Melissa	-
578	Mem Lapse 323	-
579	Mem Lapse 375	-
580	Memory Lapse	-
581	MG	-
582	Michelangelo - D	-
583	Michelangelo - E	-
584	Michelangelo	-
585	Michelangelo II	-
586	Micro Bill Systems	-
587	Mindless	-
588	Mini	-
589	Mini-125	-
590	Mini-132	-
591	Mini-195	-
592	Mini-207	-
593	Minimax	-
594	Minimite	-
595	Minsk-GH	-
596	Mir	-
597	Mirror	-
598	Missouri	-
599	Mix2	-
600	MonaRonaDona	-
601	Moctezuma	-
602	Monika	-
603	Monkey	-
604	Mono	-
605	Monxla	-
606	Monxla-B	-
607	More	-
608	Mosquito	-
609	Mozkin	-
610	Mr. G	-
611	Mr. Vir	-
612	Msk	-
613	Mugshot	-
614	Mule	-
615	Multi	-
616	Multi-11	-
617	Multi-2	-
618	Mummy	-
619	Munich	-
620	Murphy	-
621	Music Bug	-
622	Mutant	-
623	Mutating	Interrupt
624	Mutation Engine	-
625	Mystic	-
626	NAPC	-
627	Nazi	Multipartite, stealth, polymorphic
628	Natas	-
629	N-Beta	-
630	NCU Li	-
631	Necro	-
632	Necrophilia	-
633	Necrosoft	-
634	NED	-
635	New Sunday	-
636	New Zealand	-
637	Vesion 1.0.0.0	-
638	New-1701	-
639	NewBug	-
640	Newcom	-
641	Next Generation	-
642	Neznamy	-
643	Night Grawler	-
644	Nina	-
645	Nines Compliment	-
646	Ninja	-
647	No Par	-
648	No Wednesday	-
649	Nobock	-
650	NoCopy	-
651	No-Int	-
652	Nomenclature	-
653	NOP	-
654	Not-586	-
655	39769	-
656	NPox 2.0	-
657	NPox 2.1	-
658	Null	-
659	Number 6	-
660	Number of The Beast	-
661	nVIR	-
662	Nygus-KL	ODIAN
663	Offspring	-
664	Ohio	-
665	Omt	-
666	Off Stealth	-
667	OneHalf	-
668	Ontario.1024	-
669	Ontario.2048	-
670	Ontario	-
671	Oropax	-
672	Otto-415	-
673	Over4032	-
674	Oxana	-
675	P1	-
676	P-45	-
677	P529	-
678	PA-5792	-
679	Page B	-
680	Page	-
681	Parite	-
682	Parity B	-
683	Payday	-
684	PC Cyborg	-
685	PC Flu	-
686	PCBB11	-
687	PCBB3072	-
688	PCBB5B	-
689	PCV	-
690	PE2	-
691	Peach	-
692	Peek	-
693	Pegg	-
694	Peking	-
695	Penis Size	-
696	Pentagon	-
697	Penza	-
698	Perfume	-
699	Phantom	-
700	Phoenix	-
701	PI	-
702	Pig	-
703	Pikachu virus	-
704	Ping-pong	Boot sector virus
705	PL	-
706	Platinum	-
707	PLO	-
708	Popular	-
709	Porridge	-
710	Possessed	-
711	Predator Dropper	-
712	Predator	-
713	Pregnant	-
714	Prime Evil B	-
715	Prime	-
716	Print Monster	-
717	Print Screen	-
718	Prism	-
719	Prob-734	-
720	Problem	-
721	Proto-T	-
722	Prudents	-
723	Qoolaid	-
724	Random	-
725	Rattle	-
726	Raubkopi	Worm
727	RavMonE.exe	-
728	Reaper	-
729	Rebo-715	-
730	Red Cross	-
731	Red Team	-
732	RedX	-
733	Reklama	-
734	Relzfu	-
735	Replicator	-
736	Reset	-
737	Revelation	-
738	Romanian	-
739	Russian Tiny	Type
740	Name	-
741	S-847	-
742	Sabath	-
743	Sacramento	-
744	Saddam	-
745	Sadist	-
746	Sair	-
747	San Diego	-
748	Sandra	-
749	Sandwich	-
750	Saratoga	-
751	Saturday 14th	-
752	Saturday	-
753	Sayha Waptpu	-
754	SBC	Amiga, Boot sector virus
755	SCA	-
756	Schrunch	-
757	Scores	-
758	Scott's Valley	-
759	Scream 2	-
760	Screaming Fist	-
761	Scribble	-
762	Scroll	-
763	SCT	-
764	Scythe2D	-
765	Sdir	-
766	Secrets	-
767	Semtex	-
768	Sentinel	-
769	Sentinel-X	-
770	Seoul	-
771	Serena	-
772	Sergeant	-
773	SevenDust	-
774	Sh	-
775	Shadow	-
776	Shake	-
777	Shaman	-
778	Shanghai	-
779	Shiny Happy	-
780	Shock Therapy	-
781	Silence	-
782	Silent Banker	-
783	Silly Willy	-
784	Silver Dollar	-
785	Silver3b	-
786	Simile	-
787	Simple 1992	-
788	Simulati	-
789	Sis	-
790	Sk	-
791	Sk1	-
792	Skeleton	-
793	Skew 469	-
794	Skism 808	-
795	Skism	-
796	Slant	-
797	Slayer	-
798	Slovak	-
799	Slow	-
800	Sma-108a	-
801	Small 129	-
802	Small 132B	-
803	Small 146	-
804	Small 157	-
805	Small 178	-
806	Small 185	-
807	Small 187	-
808	Small	-
809	Small-38	Trojan horse
810	Small.TP	-
811	Smily	-
812	Smithsonian	-
813	Smit Fraud	-
814	Solano	-
815	Something	-
816	Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs	-
817	Soupy	-
818	SoftIns	-
819	Sov	-
820	Soyun	-
821	Spanish April Fool	-
822	Spanish	-
823	Spanz	-
824	Spar	-
825	Spyer	-
826	SQR	-
827	Squawk	-
828	Squeaker	-
829	Squisher	-
830	SRE	-
831	Staf	-
832	Stahl Platte	Boot Sector Virus
833	Stealth_C	-
834	Steve Perillo	-
835	Stoned	-
836	Striker	-
837	Stupid	-
838	Subliminal	-
839	Suicidal	-
840	Suicide	-
841	Sunday	-
842	Sunday-2	-
843	Sundevil	-
844	Suriv 402	-
845	Suriv A	-
846	Suriv B	-
847	Surrender	-
848	Susan	-
849	SVC 5.0/6.0	-
850	Sverdlov	-
851	SVir	-
852	Swap Boot	-
853	Swen - "News" spelled backwards	-
854	Swiss 143	-
855	Swiss Phoenix	-
856	SX	-
857	Sylvia	-
858	Sys	-
859	Syslock/3551	-
860	saplad, roberto	-
861	T-1	-
862	T4	-
863	T297	-
864	Tabulero 2	-
865	Taiwan	-
866	Taiwan3	-
867	Taiwan4	-
868	Taocheng	-
869	Techno	-
870	Tecla	-
871	Telecom	Boot
872	Telecom	File
873	Telekom	-
874	Teletype	-
875	Teletype-2	-
876	Tentacle	-
877	Tequila	-
878	Terror	-
879	Tester	-
880	TMTM	-
881	TP	-
882	Tremor2	-
883	TridenT	-
884	Triple Shot	-
885	Troi Two	-
886	Trojandownloader	-
887	Trojan.Zlob	-
888	Trojan.Zonebac	-
889	Tschantches	-
890	T-series	-
891	TU-482	-
892	Tuesday	-
893	Tula	-
894	Tumen V0.5	-
895	Tumen V2.0	-
896	Tumen	-
897	Turbo	-
898	Turkey	-
899	Tver	-
900	Twin Peaks	-
901	Twin-351	-
902	Typo Boot	-
903	Ucender	-
904	Ugur	-
905	Undressed	-
906	Unk	-
907	Uriel	-
908	Uruk 300	-
909	Uruk 361	-
910	Uruk-Hai	-
911	USSR	-
912	USSR 1049	-
913	USSR 2144	-
914	USSR 256	-
915	USSR 257	-
916	USSR 3103	-
917	USSR 311	-
918	USSR 394	-
919	USSR-394	-
920	USSR 492	-
921	USSR 516	-
922	USSR 600	-
923	USSR 696	-
924	USSR 707	-
925	USSR 711	-
926	USSR 830	-
927	USSR 948	-
928	V1 0	-
929	V1 1	-
930	V1028	-
931	V125	-
932	V1463	-
933	V163	-
934	V1-Not	-
935	V2 0	-
936	V2000	-
937	V2100	-
938	V270X	-
939	V299	-
940	V2P2	-
941	V2P6	-
942	V-351	-
943	V-388	-
944	V400	-
945	V483	-
946	V5	-
947	V600	-
948	V800	-
949	V801	-
950	V82	-
951	V914	-
952	V961	-
953	VA	-
954	Vacsina	-
955	VCL	-
956	VCL-HEEvE	-
957	Vcomm	-
958	VCS	-
959	VDV-853	-
960	VHP	-
961	VHP-2	-
962	V-Label	-
963	VM	-
964	VP	-
965	VTS	-
966	VVF-34	-
967	Venge-E	-
968	Vera Cruz	-
969	Victor	-
970	Vienna/648	-
971	Vietnamese	-
972	Violator	-
973	Viper	-
974	Viperizer B	-
975	Viral Messiah	-
976	Virdem	-
977	Virflop	-
978	virus-101	-
979	virus-90	-
980	Voco	-
981	Vootie	-
982	Voronezh	-
983	Vote/Vote1000	-
984	Vriest	-
985	W32.Myzor.FK@yf	-
986	W13	-
987	WAVE	-
988	WWT	-
989	Walkabout	-
990	Walker	-
991	Warez	-
992	Warrior 2	-
993	Warrior	-
994	Wazoo	-
995	WDEF	-
996	Weak	-
997	Whale	-
998	Wharps	-
999	WhoCares	-
1000	Why win	-
1001	Wilbur 3	-
1002	Wild Thing A	-
1003	Willistrover III	-
1004	Willow	-
1005	Willow 2	-
1006	Windmill	-
1007	Winvir	-
1008	Wisconsin	-
1009	Wizard 3.0	-
1010	Wolfman	-
1011	Wonder	-
1012	Word Atom Macro	-
1013	Word Color Macro	-
1014	Word Concept Macro	-
1015	Word Hot Macro	-
1016	Wordswap	-
1017	World Peace	-
1018	Wsnpoem	-
1019	X-1	-
1020	X-2	-
1021	X-3A	-
1022	X-3B	-
1023	X77	-
1024	Xabaras	-
1025	Xpeh	-
1026	XTAC	-
1027	Xuxa	-
1028	Yale	-
1029	Yan2505a	-
1030	Yankee	-
1031	Yankee - 2	-
1032	Yap	-
1033	Year 1993	-
1034	Youth	-
1035	Yukon	-
1036	Z10	-
1037	ZK900	-
1038	ZRK	-
1039	ZU1	-
1040	Zak2	-
1041	ZBot	-
1042	Zaragosa	-
1043	Zeppelin	-
1044	Zero Bug	-
1045	Zero Time	-
1046	ZeroHunt	-
1047	ZMist	-
1048	Zoda	-
1049	ZUC	-
1050	Brontox	-
1051	Explorer.exe	-

Certified Container Inspectors 2007

2008-06-27T14:06:00.002+07:00

SURABAYA

Name : Cahyono, Yoyok Wahyu
Company: PT. Mitradaya Petikemas Servicatama, Surabaya
Name : Sutarno
Company: PT. Masaji Tatanan Container, Surabaya

JAKARTA

Name : Adrial
Company: PT Masaji Tatanan Container, Jakarta
Name : Abadi, Abadi
Company: PT Multicon Indrajaya Terminal, Jakarta
Name : Aditia, Aditia
Company: PT. Dwipa Kharisma Mitra, Jakarta
Name : Hariadi, Ronni Bambang
Company: Glorious Interbauna Jakarta
Name : Khamid, Marhum
Company: PT. Dwipa Kharisma Mitra, Jakarta
Name : M. Azwar
Company: PT Multicon Indrajaya Terminal, Jakarta
Name : Rosdian, Andini
Company: PT. International Container Survey , Jakarta
Name : Sonjaya, Deni
Company: PT Masaji Tatanan Container, Jakarta
Name : Tuankge, Jemmy
Company: PT. NYK Puninar Logistics Indonesia, Jakarta
Name : Wahyudin, Edi
Company: PT. Sinspec Sarana Lestari, Jakarta
Name : Wangsadijaya, Kusharjo
Company: PT. Summitmas II, Jakarta

Sumber : IICL

Container design

2008-06-03T12:37:00.003+07:00

A container user should be aware of the most important structural differences between containers, so that he/she is in a position to make appropriate preparations for packing and cargo securing and correctly to assess container loading capacity.

Problem-free dispatch has been assisted by the standardization of transport units, such as containers, while the standardization of certain components and some dimensions permits the use of standard handling equipment and means of transport.

We will describe fundamental components and designs first of all with reference to standard box containers. More detailed information is given under the heading "Container types".

The load-carrying element of all box containers is a steel framework, consisting of four corner posts and two bottom side rails, two top side rails, two bottom cross members, a front top end rail and a door header.

Additional bottom cross members are fitted between the bottom side rails, to serve as supports for the floor covering.

The side and end walls and the roof are the components of a standard box container which are capable of bearing the least load. To a certain degree, this naturally also depends on the construction materials used for them. The following three Figures illustrate the essential components of standard box containers.

Not included by name are, for example, the door bar handles, the locking components required for sealing, etc. Where necessary, descriptions of and comments about these components are provided at other points in the Handbook.

http:// en. wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_6346

Container Check Digit online

2008-06-03T12:16:00.002+07:00

All containers used for international shipping, including tank containers, must have a unique registration number. This unique number is made up of the following elements :

Four letter prefix. The first three of which designate the owner, the fourth is always ‘U’ identifying the unit as a container; this is known as a BIC code.
For example CLLU – Cassilon Liquid Logistics unit
Six digit suffix. This complete number is designated by the owner, contrived to own requirements.
A single check digit added at the end.

The check digit is there to pick up any errors which might be caused by incorrect transcription of the registration number. It does not matter where in the world you are, if you have a wrong check digit you have an invalid container number – and an invalid container number is impossible to trace through the seafreight shipping process.

Please try our check digit calculator below. Your number should comprise 4 alpha and 6 numeric, no spaces or punctuation. (example entry: HLXU200346)

Please input Container Number:

or click here http://www.cassilon.com/checkdigit.cfm

B.I.C codes

2008-06-03T11:48:00.002+07:00

The Bureau International des Containers et du Transport Intermodal (B.I.C.), with 1200 members, is the only non-governmental organization linking all groups interested in containerization and intermodal transport: carriers, manufacturers, operators, lessors, shippers, forwarders, etc…

To contribute to the expansion of containerization and intermodal transport,
To facilitate professional discussions on all subjects connected with containers and intermodal transport,
To obtain and keep updated specialised documentation for the benefit of its members.

Examples :

IDMESSIKA : PT Masaji Tatanan Containers Surabaya
IDPJGPSMA : PT Java Sarana Mitra Sejati Panjang Bandar
IDPJGPTIA : PT Bumi Sentosa Alam Container Lampung
IDSRGDWTA : PT Wira Tangguh Dharma Citra Semarang
IDSRGJSMA : PT Java Sarana Mitra Sejati Semarang
IDSRGPTAA : PT Grasia Antar Nusa SP Semarang
IDSUBIDJA : PT Indra Jaya Swastika Surabaya
IDSUBJANA : PT Jangkar Pacific Surabaya
IDSUBJAVA : PT Java Pacific Container Surabaya
IDSUBOLLA : PT Tungya Collins Terminal Surabaya
IDSUBPMGA : PT Prima Manggalindo Surabaya
IDSUBSIKA : PT Masaji Tatanan Containers Surabaya
IDSUBWIRA : PT Wiratama Dekon Perkasa Surabaya

ISO 6346

2008-06-03T11:18:00.005+07:00

ISO 6346 is an international standard for coding, identification and marking of freight containers. ISO-code and dimension/load table at several newly washed containers

It establishes:
an identification system with:
1. an owner code, commonly known as BIC code :

an equipment category identifier
a serial number
a check digit

2. a size and type code

3. country code

4. operational marks

Identification System

Owner Code
The owner code consists of three capital letters of the latin alphabet to indicate the owner or principal operator of the container. Such code needs to be registered at the Bureau International des Containers in Paris to ensure uniqueness worldwide.

Equipment Category Identifier
The equipment category identifier consists of one of the following three capital letters of the latin alphabet:

U for all freight containers
J for detachable freight container-related equipment
Z for trailers and chassis

Serial Number
The serial number consists of 6 (arabic) numeric digits, assigned by the owner or operator, uniquely identifying the container within that owner/operator's fleet.

Check Digit
The check digit consists of one (arabic) numeric digit providing a means of validating the recording and transmission accuracies of the owner code and serial number.

Calculation Step 1
An equivalent numerical value is assigned to each letter of the alphabet, beginning with 10 for the letter A (11 and multiples thereof are omitted):

The individual digits of the serial number keep their numeric value.

Calculation Step 2
Each of the numbers calculated in step 1 is multiplied by 2position, where position is the exponent to basis 2. Position starts at 0, from left to right.

The following table shows the multiplication factors:
.

Calculation Step 3
a) Sum up all results of step 2

b) Divide them by 11

c) Erase all decimal digits of the division (i. e. make the result an integer value)

d) Multiply the integer value by 11

e) Subtract result of d) from result of a): This is the check digit!

If the final difference is 10, then the check digit becomes 0. To ensure that this does not happen, the standard recommends that serial numbers should not be used which produce a final difference of 10, however there are containers in the market which do not follow this recommendation, so handling this case has to be included if a check digit calculator is programmed.

Notice that step b) to e) simply mean to find the integer rest of dividing the result of a) by 11. Most programming languages have a modulo operator for this. Attention should be paid on how it is working in the language choosen; i. e. if it is giving back the decimal rest or the integer rest in order to get proper results. - 11 is used as divisor due to the fact that a containernumber has 11 digits in total. In step 1 the numbers 11, 22 and 33 are left out as they are multiples of the divisor.

Example

Practical Problems
In day-to-day business it happens that containers do appear which do not follow the ISO 6346 identification at all, however they are fully CSC safety approved containers. Usually these are "shippers owned" containers what means that they are not owned by the carrier but supplied by the cargo owners (shippers). They may have no or no registered owner code and no category identifier and have no check digit. Generally it is not advisable not to follow ISO 6346 as this causes problems to the carriers and container terminals to correctly identify the equipment and to properly deliver the cargo due to the fact that computer systems require ISO 6346 conform naming and as such missing prefixes are invented, for example YYYY at the carrier and XXXX at the terminal what causes the equipment to mismatch.

ISO specifications

2008-06-03T11:06:00.001+07:00

The following is a list of further freight container related ISO specifications, where not all have an article assigned yet (you can help improve Wikipedia and start one):

ISO 668 - Freight containers - Classification, dimensions and ratings
ISO 830 - Freight containers - Terminology
ISO 1161 - Freight containers - Corner fittings - Specification
ISO 1496 - Freight containers - Specification and testing
ISO 2308 - Hooks for lifting freight containers of up to 30 tons capacity - Basic requirements
ISO 3874 - Freight containers - Handling and securing
ISO 8323 - Freight containers - Air/surface (intermodal) general purpose containers - Specification and tests
ISO 9669 - Freight containers - Interface connections for tank containers
ISO 9711 - Freight containers - Information related to containers on board vessels
ISO 9897 - Container equipment data exchange (CEDEX)
ISO 10368 - Freight thermal containers - Remote condition monitoring
ISO 10374 - Freight containers - Automatic identification

Tank containers

2008-06-03T10:38:00.003+07:00

Description

Tank containers must be at least 80% full, to prevent dangerous surging of the liquids in transit. On the other hand, they must not as a rule be over 95% full, or there will not be sufficient ullage space for thermal expansion. The extent of thermal expansion may be calculated for each cargo on the basis of the following formula:

ΔV = Va · γ · ΔT
Ve = Va (1 + γ · ΔT)

ΔV : change in volume
Va : volume at initial temperature a
Ve : final volume at temperature e
γ : coefficient of cubic (thermal) expansion
ΔT : temperature difference in degrees kelvin

Tank containers intended for transporting foodstuffs must be labeled "Potable Liquids only".Some hazardous materials must be transported in tank containers with no in- or outlet openings below the surface of the liquid.Tank containers are generally designed for an operating pressure of up to 3 bar (above atmospheric).

The test pressure used is 4.5 bar (above atmospheric).If the cargo requires temperature-controlled transport, tank containers can be equipped with insulation or heating. The temperature of the cargo may be precisely controlled using temperature sensors.

Use

Tank containers are used for liquid cargoes, such as:

Foodstuffs: fruit juices, spirits, sweet oils
Chemicals: hazardous materials, such as fuels, toxic substances, corrosion protection agents

Refrigerated and insulated containers

2008-06-03T10:29:00.002+07:00

Description

Refrigerated and insulated containers are mainly available as 20' and 40' containers. A distinction may be drawn between two different systems:

Integral Unit (Integral Reefer Container, Integrated Unit):

This type of refrigerated container has an integral refrigeration unit for controlling the temperature inside the container. The refrigeration unit is arranged in such a way that the external dimensions of the container meet ISO standards and thus fit into the container ship cell guides, for example. The presence of an integral refrigeration unit entails a loss of internal volume and payload.

When being transported by ship, integral units have to be connected to the on-board power supply system. The number of refrigerated containers which may be connected depends on the capacity of the ship's power supply system. If the aforesaid capacity is too low for the refrigerated containers to be transported, "power packs" may be used, which are equipped with relatively large diesel generators and satisfy ISO requirements with regard to the dimensions of a 20' container. When at the terminal, the containers are connected to the terminal's power supply system. For transport by road and rail, most integral unit refrigeration units are operated by a generator set (genset). This may either be a component of the refrigeration unit or connected to the refrigeration unit.

Air flows through the container from bottom to top. In general, the "warm" air is drawn off from the inside of the container, cooled in the refrigeration unit and then blown back in the container as cold air.

To ensure adequate circulation of the cold air, the floor is provided with gratings. Pallets form an additional space between container floor and cargo, so also forming a satisfactory air flow channel. In addition, the side walls of the container are "corrugated", which ensures satisfactory air flow there too.

In the upper area of the container, adequate space (at least 12 cm) must likewise be provided for air flow. For this purpose, during packing of the container adequate free space must be left above the cargo. The maximum load height is marked on the side walls.

To ensure vertical air flow from bottom to top, packaging must also be appropriately designed and the cargo must be sensibly stowed.

In addition to temperature regulation, integral units also allow a controlled fresh air exchange, for example for the removal of metabolic products such as CO2 and ethylene in the case of the transport of fruits.

In the refrigeration units, both the supply and return air temperatures are measured and, depending on the operating mode, one of these values is used to control the cold air. Temperature measurement may be performed in various ways.

The Partlow recorder generally records return air temperature, since this provides an indication of the state or temperature of the cargo. Data loggers are increasingly used, which detect temperature digitally and indicate it on a display. Once transferred to a PC, the data may then be evaluated.The temperature display is attached to the outside of the refrigeration unit, so that operation of the unit may be checked at any time.

Digital or analog recorders may also be positioned directly in the cargo, so as to measure temperatures inside the container. The recorder should be accommodated in such a way that it records the temperatures at risk points in the container (inside the packaging, top layer at door end).

Integral units may be stowed both above and below deck on a ship. Above deck stowage has the advantage that the heat from return air may be more readily dissipated. However, the containers are often exposed to strong solar radiation, leading to increased refrigeration capacity requirements.

Use

Refrigerated containers are used for goods which need to be transported at a constant temperature above or below freezing point. These goods are divided into chilled goods and frozen goods, depending on the specified transport temperature. They principally include fruit, vegetables, meat and dairy products, such as butter and cheese. High-cube integral units are used in particular for voluminous and light goods (e.g. fruit, flowers).

Nowadays, goods requiring refrigeration are mostly transported in integral units, which have a markedly higher market share than porthole containers.

Chilled meat is sometimes also transported hanging, for which purpose the ceilings of refrigerated containers are equipped with special hook rails.

Ventilated containers

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Description

Ventilated containers are also known as passive (naturally) ventilated or coffee containers. Ventilation is provided by ventilation openings in the top and bottom side rails. The openings do not let in spray, to prevent depreciation of the cargo by rain or spray, for example.If actively ventilated containers are required, i.e. containers with adjustable ventilation, "porthole" containers may be used, which simultaneously act as insulated or refrigerated containers.

For more detailed information, see under Insulated and refrigerated containers.Lashing rings, to which the cargo may be secured, are installed in the upper and lower side rails and the corner posts. The lashing rings may take loads of up to 1,000 kg. The common size for ventilated containers is 20'.

Use

Ventilated containers are used especially for cargoes which have to be ventilated in transit. One of the most significant of such commodities is green coffee beans, hence the name coffee container.

Platforms (Plats)

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Description

Platforms consist solely of a floor structure with extremely high loading capacity; they have no side or end walls. This high loading capacity makes it possible to concentrate heavy weights on small areas.

A platform consists of a steel frame and a wooden floor structure. Platforms are available in 20' and 40' sizes. 40' platforms have a gooseneck tunnel at each end.Lashing rings, to which the cargo may be secured, are installed in the side rails. The lashing rings may take loads of up to 3.000 kg.

Use

Platforms are used principally for oversized and very heavy cargoes.

Flatracks

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Description

Flatracks consist of a floor structure with a high loading capacity composed of a steel frame and a softwood floor and two end walls, which may either be fixed or collapsible. The end walls are stable enough to allow cargo securing means to be attached and several flatracks to be stacked on top of one another. Flatracks are available in 20' and 40' sizes.

A number of lashing rings, to which the cargo may be secured, are installed in the side rails, the corner posts and the floor. The lashing rings may take loads of up to 2000 kg in the case of 20' flatracks or up to 4000 kg in the case of 40' flatracks.Some types of 20' flatracks have forklift pockets. 40' flatracks have gooseneck tunnels at each end.

In addition, they are sometimes equipped with lashing winches with 2 metric ton lashing belts.For transport of certain cargoes, flatracks may be provided with stanchions.

Use

Flatracks are mainly used to transport heavy-lifts and overheight or overwidth cargoes.

Open-top containers

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Description

The walls of open-top containers are generally made of corrugated steel. The floor is made of wood.It has the following typical distinguishing structural features. The roof consists of removable bows and a removable tarpaulin.

The door header may be swivelled out. These two structural features greatly simplify the process of packing and unpacking the container. In particular, it is very easy to pack and unpack the container from above or through the doors by crane or crab when the roof is open and the door header is swivelled out.It should be noted, however, that the purpose of the roof bows of an open-top container is not solely to support the tarpaulin but also to contribute to container stability. Flatracks are therefore more suitable for overheight cargoes.

Lashing rings, to which the cargo may be secured, are installed in the upper and lower side rails and the corner posts. The lashing rings may take loads of up to 1,000 kg.

Usual open-top container dimensions are 20' and 40'.

Use

Open-top containers are used for all types of general cargo (dry cargo). Their principal uses are as follows:

packing and unpacking from above or through the doors by crane or crab
tall cargo

High-cube containers

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Description

High-cube containers are similar in structure to standard containers, but taller. In contrast to standard containers, which have a maximum height of 2591 mm (8'6"), high-cube containers are 2896 mm, or 9'6", tall. High-cube containers are for the most part 40' long, but are sometimes made as 45' containers.

A number of lashing rings, capable of bearing loads of at most 1000 kg, are mounted on the front top end rail and bottom cross member and the corner posts.

Many 40' containers have a recess in the floor at the front end which serves to center the containers on so-called gooseneck chassis. These recesses allow the containers to lie lower and therefore to be of taller construction.

Use

High-cube containers are used for all types general cargo (dry cargo). However, they are particularly suitable for transporting light, voluminous cargoes and overheight cargoes up to a maximum of 2.70 m tall.

Standard containers

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Description

Standard containers are also known as general purpose containers. They are closed containers, i.e. they are closed on all sides. A distinction may be drawn between the following types of standard container:

Standard containers with doors at one or both end(s)
Standard containers with doors at one or both end(s)
and doors over the entire length of one or both sides
Standard containers with doors at one or both end(s) and doors on one or both sides

In addition, the various types of standard container also differ in dimensions and weight, resulting in a wide range of standard containers.Standard containers are mainly used as 20' and 40' containers. Containers with smaller dimensions are very seldom used. Indeed, the trend is towards even longer dimensions, e.g. 45'. Frame and bottom cross members are made of steel profiles, while three different materials are used for the walls:

1. Steel sheet, corrugated

Characteristics:

low material costs
easy to repair
high tare weight
susceptible to corrosion
difficult to clean owing to corrugated walls

2. Aluminum sheet in conjunction with stiffening profiles

Characteristics:

low tare weight
high material costs
easily deformed, very quickly dented

3. Plywood with glass fiber-reinforced plastic coating (plywood + GRP)

Characteristics:

easy to clean owing to smooth surfaces
easy to repair
strong and resilient, does not dent
moderate material costs
moderate tare weight

The cost advantages have led to the predominant use of steel for container walls. The floor is generally made of wood, usually planking or plywood. Although wood is relatively expensive, it has substantial advantages over other materials: it is strong and resilient, does not dent, may be easily replaced during repairs and, when appropriately finished, has an adequate coefficient of friction, which is important for cargo securing.

Standard containers may additionally be equipped with certain optional extras:

Forklift pockets: these allow handling of empty containers with forklift trucks. Packed containers must not be picked up in this way unless specifically permitted. Forklift pockets are installed only in 20' containers and are arranged parallel to the center of the container in the bottom side rails. 40' containers do not have forklift pockets, since the pockets are relatively close together and such large containers would be difficult to balance. In addition, the forklift truck travel paths are often not wide enough.
Gooseneck tunnel: Many 40' containers have a recess in the floor at the front end which serves to center the containers on so-called gooseneck chassis. These recesses allow the containers to lie lower and therefore to be of taller construction.
Grappler pockets: In general, containers are handled by top spreaders using the corner fittings or corner castings. However, some containers have grappler pockets for handling by means of grapplers.

Special fittings are available for transporting special cargoes:

Clothes rails for hanging garments: Special lashing rings attached to the top side rail serve to accommodate clothes rails on which textiles may be transported hanging on clothes-hangers. These are often used in the East Asia import trade. Additional lashing rings are installed on the bottom side rail and the corner posts.
Inlet (bulk bag or liquid bulk bag): Plastic liners may be suspended in standard containers for transporting bulk cargo or nonhazardous liquids.

The wooden components of most containers are impregnated against insect infestation, since, when lumber is used, it may, under certain circumstances, be necessary to comply with the quarantine regulations of the country of destination and a phytosanitary certificate may have to be enclosed with the shipping documents. Information may be obtained from the phytosanitary authorities of the countries concerned.

Bulk containers

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Description

Bulk (or bulk cargo) containers have three loading hatches in the roof, each of a diameter of approx. 455 mm (1 3/4'). The distance between the hatches (center to center) is 1.83 m (6'). On the door side, there are two discharge hatches, which are sometimes equipped with short discharge tubes for guiding the bulk cargo.

Alternatively, two unloading hatches may be mounted in the doorways, for emptying the containers.Such containers may also be used for general cargo. Lashing rings are mounted in the top side rails for securing the cargo. Some bulk containers are equipped with forklift pockets, which allow handling by forklift trucks.

Hard-top containers

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Description

The walls of hard-top containers are generally made of corrugated steel. The floor is made of wood.It has two typical distinguishing structural features. On the one hand, it is equipped with a removable steel roof. In some types, this roof has points for accommodating forklift trucks, allowing the roof to be lifted by forklift truck. The roof weighs approx. 450 kg. In addition, the door header may be swivelled out.

These two structural features greatly simplify the process of packing and unpacking the container. In particular, it is very easy to pack and unpack the container from above or through the doors by crane or crab when the roof is open and the door header is swivelled out.In the case of transport of an overheight cargo, the container roof may be left open and fastened directly to a side wall on the inside of the container.

To do this, the roof only needs approx. 13 cm (5 1/8") of space.Lashing rings, to which the cargo may be secured, are installed in the upper and lower side rails, the corner posts and the middle of the side walls. The lashing rings on the side rails and corner posts may take loads of up to 2000 kg. The lashing rings in the middle of the side walls may take loads of up to 500 kg, provided that the roof is closed.Usual hard-top container dimensions are 20' and 40'.